A Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued by the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA). It serves as a crucial identifier for individuals in the United States, primarily used for tracking income and benefits. For international students on F and M visas who are authorized to work in the U.S., obtaining an SSN is a necessary step.
The SSA uses SSNs to keep record of your earnings reported by employers. This information is vital for determining your eligibility for Social Security benefits and other government services. It’s important to understand that while every U.S. citizen, permanent resident, and work-eligible nonimmigrant can get an SSN, it is specifically required for those authorized to work.
It’s also crucial to differentiate the SSN from the Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). If you are an F or M student (or dependent) and receive non-wage income such as scholarships, grants, or investment income, but are not eligible for an SSN, you will need to apply for an ITIN instead. This is a separate process for tax purposes.
Who Needs a Social Security Number?
For international students holding F or M visas, the primary reason to apply for an SSN is work authorization. If U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) grants you permission to work in the United States, you are required to get an SSN. This applies to various types of on-campus or off-campus employment, including Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT).
Before you begin the SSN application process, it’s essential to confirm your eligibility. Not all F or M students will need or be able to get an SSN. It hinges on whether you have been granted permission to work in the U.S. by USCIS.
Steps to Obtain Your Social Security Number
If you are an F or M student and have received work authorization, here are the steps to apply for your SSN:
1. Consult with Your Designated School Official (DSO)
Your DSO is a key resource at your educational institution. Before taking any steps, speak with your DSO about your employment plans and SSN requirements. They can provide you with specific guidance related to your situation, confirm your eligibility to work, and ensure you understand all regulations for F and M students.
2. Verify Your Active SEVIS Status
The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) is a government system that tracks international students. Your SEVIS record must show an “Active” status for at least two days before you can apply for an SSN. If your record is not active, your SSN application will likely be rejected. Ensure your DSO has confirmed your active status in SEVIS.
3. Observe the Waiting Period After U.S. Entry
It is advisable to wait at least 10 days after your arrival in the United States before applying for an SSN. This waiting period allows sufficient time for your arrival information to be updated across all relevant government systems. The SSA uses the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) program to verify your immigration status. This waiting time helps prevent potential issues with the verification process.
4. Visit Your Local Social Security Administration (SSA) Office
To officially apply for an SSN card, you need to visit a local SSA office in person. You can locate the nearest office using the SSA office locator tool available on the SSA website. When you visit, be prepared to present original documents that prove your age, identity, and work-authorized immigration status. Crucially, all documents proving your immigration status and work authorization must be currently valid and unexpired. For detailed information on the specific documents required, it is best to check the official SSA website prior to your visit to ensure you have everything you need.
Social Security Number and Driver’s Licenses
In many U.S. states, having an SSN or proof of SSN application is a prerequisite for obtaining a driver’s license. For F or M visa holders and their dependents who are not eligible to work but still need a driver’s license, a specific procedure exists. In these cases, you must first apply for an SSN at an SSA office. If you are ineligible for an SSN, the SSA will issue Form SSA-L676, officially titled “Refusal to Process SSN Application.” This form serves as documentation that you attempted to apply for an SSN but were denied due to your non-work-authorized status, and you can then use this form when applying for a driver’s license in states that require SSN application proof. For more detailed information about driving regulations and SSN requirements by state, consult resources about driving in the specific state and always check with your DSO for the most current advice.
In conclusion, understanding what an SSN is and how to obtain it is vital for F and M students working in the U.S. By following these steps and staying informed, you can navigate the process effectively and ensure you meet all requirements. Remember to always consult official resources like the SSA website and your DSO for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
