Carbon monoxide (CO) is a hazardous gas that you can’t see, smell, or taste. Often referred to as the “silent killer,” it is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, such as gas, oil, wood, propane, and kerosene. This inorganic compound poses a significant threat due to its ability to displace oxygen in the blood, leading to serious health issues and even death.
Carbon monoxide is slightly soluble in water but readily dissolves in alcohol and benzene. It has a specific gravity of 0.96716 and boils at -190°C. In its liquid state, it has an auto-ignition temperature of 1128°F and burns with a distinctive violet flame.
Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide can originate from various sources, often related to fuel-burning appliances and engines. Being aware of these sources is crucial for prevention:
- Household Appliances: Unvented space heaters (kerosene and gas), gas stoves, leaking chimneys and furnaces, and back-drafting from fuel-burning appliances like water heaters, wood stoves, and fireplaces are common culprits. Poorly maintained or improperly installed appliances significantly increase the risk.
- Vehicle Exhaust: Automobile exhaust, especially in attached garages or near buildings from nearby roads and parking areas, is a major source. Running gasoline-powered equipment like generators in enclosed spaces is extremely dangerous.
- Tobacco Smoke: Cigarette smoke also contributes to carbon monoxide exposure, although typically at lower levels compared to other sources.
Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide Exposure
The danger of carbon monoxide lies in its impact on human health. Even low concentrations can have noticeable effects, while higher levels can be life-threatening.
Effects at low concentrations:
- Fatigue, particularly in healthy individuals.
- Chest pain for those with pre-existing heart conditions.
Effects at medium to high concentrations:
- Impaired vision and reduced coordination.
- Persistent headaches.
- Dizziness and lightheadedness.
- Mental confusion and difficulty concentrating.
- Nausea and vomiting.
These symptoms are often mistaken for the flu, which can delay proper diagnosis and treatment. Critically, at very high concentrations, carbon monoxide is rapidly fatal. The acute effects stem from the formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the bloodstream. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin much more readily than oxygen, preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen throughout the body. This oxygen deprivation leads to tissue damage and organ failure. Moderate exposure can result in angina, visual impairment, and reduced brain function, while severe exposure can quickly lead to death.
For detailed information, you can explore resources on Carbon Monoxide’s Impact on Indoor Air Quality.
