George Washington stands as a towering figure in American history, often idealized and remembered for his pivotal role in the nation’s founding. His life was a tapestry woven with military leadership, political acumen, and unwavering dedication to public service. From leading the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War to shaping the presidency itself, Washington’s actions were instrumental in forging the United States. But what did George Washington do that cemented his place as the “Father of His Country”? This article delves into the key accomplishments and contributions of this remarkable leader, exploring the breadth and depth of his impact on America.
Early Life and Foray into Military Service
Born in Virginia on February 22, 1732, George Washington’s early life provided a foundation for his future leadership. While not formally schooled in the traditional sense, he received a solid education in mathematics and land surveying. This practical knowledge proved invaluable as he began his career as a surveyor in 1748, charting the Shenandoah Valley and gaining experience in outdoor leadership and organization. By his early twenties, Washington was a respected landowner with growing social connections, yet his ambition leaned towards military service. In 1752, he received a commission in the Virginia Militia, marking his entry into the world of armed conflict.
George Washington in Continental Army Uniform, 1776
Washington’s early military experiences during the French and Indian War, though sometimes fraught with setbacks, were crucial in shaping his leadership style. In 1754, as a young major, an incident involving his troops and a French scouting party inadvertently ignited the conflict. The ensuing battles, including the disastrous Battle of Monongahela in 1755, provided harsh lessons in warfare and command. Despite being viewed with skepticism by some British leaders, Washington’s courage and resilience earned him respect among the colonists. He served in the war until 1758, gaining valuable experience in commanding troops and navigating the complexities of military campaigns.
Leading the Continental Army to Victory
Following the French and Indian War, Washington returned to Mount Vernon, inheriting the estate and focusing on its development into a prosperous plantation. He also entered Virginian politics, elected to the legislature in 1758. However, the growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain increasingly drew him into the political sphere. By the early 1770s, Washington voiced his criticisms of British policies, and in 1774, he was chosen to represent Virginia at the First Continental Congress. As conflict escalated in 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened and made a momentous decision: to form a Continental Army. On June 15, 1775, George Washington was unanimously selected as its Commander-in-Chief. His prior military experience, coupled with his reputation for integrity and leadership, made him the natural choice to unite and lead the fledgling American forces.
Washington faced an immense challenge in forging a cohesive fighting force from a collection of disparate militias and volunteers. Arriving near Boston in July 1775, he immediately began the task of organization and officer selection, recognizing talent like Henry Knox. A key early success was the strategic placement of cannons at Dorchester Heights, orchestrated by Knox under Washington’s direction, which forced the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776. However, the subsequent campaigns around New York City proved difficult, with the Continental Army suffering significant defeats at the hands of the British forces led by General William Howe. By late 1776, morale was low, and the army was depleted.
In a pivotal moment of leadership, Washington orchestrated a daring surprise attack on Hessian troops at Trenton and Princeton in late December 1776. These victories, achieved against the odds, provided a much-needed boost to American morale and demonstrated Washington’s strategic thinking and willingness to take calculated risks.
Emanuel Leutze’s iconic painting “Washington Crossing the Delaware” (1851) vividly captures the daring surprise attack that revitalized the American cause in late 1776.
The Revolutionary War continued for several more years, marked by both setbacks and strategic victories. Washington’s leadership was crucial in maintaining the Continental Army’s cohesion despite limited resources and frequent defeats in major battles. His steadfastness and integrity inspired his troops and maintained the credibility of the American cause. The turning point arrived with the American victory at Saratoga in 1777 and the subsequent entry of France into the war as an ally in 1778. French support provided vital resources, supplies, and military reinforcements, significantly strengthening the American position.
The decisive moment came in 1781 when a combined Franco-American force, under the overall command of Washington and with the crucial naval support of the French fleet, cornered a large British army at Yorktown, Virginia. The ensuing siege culminated in the British surrender on October 19, 1781, effectively securing American independence.
Transition to Peace and Shaping the Nation
Even as the war drew to a close, Washington’s leadership was tested once more. In 1783, he skillfully defused the Newburgh Conspiracy, a potential coup attempt by disgruntled Continental Army officers. His personal appeal and commitment to civilian rule prevented a crisis that could have undermined the nascent nation. Following the Treaty of Paris in September 1783, officially ending the Revolutionary War, Washington surprised many by resigning his commission and returning to Mount Vernon. This act of selfless relinquishment of power was deeply admired, even by King George III, who recognized the significance of Washington’s commitment to republican principles.
However, Washington’s retirement was short-lived. Recognizing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, he became a strong advocate for a more unified and effective national government. In 1787, he was unanimously chosen to preside over the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. His presence and leadership were instrumental in guiding the delegates towards the creation of the U.S. Constitution.
Once the Constitution was ratified, Washington was again the unanimous choice, this time as the first President of the United States. Reluctantly accepting the immense responsibility, he served two terms, setting numerous precedents for the office. Working closely with his cabinet, including Alexander Hamilton, he established a strong and centralized federal government. His administration oversaw the creation of a national bank, the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion, and the establishment of trade relations. Perhaps most significantly, Washington voluntarily stepped down after two terms, establishing the two-term limit for presidents, a cornerstone of American democracy for over 150 years. In his Farewell Address in 1796, he offered crucial advice on national unity, the dangers of political factions, and the importance of avoiding foreign entanglements, principles that continue to resonate in American political discourse.
Legacy and Enduring Impact
After retiring from the presidency in 1797, Washington returned to Mount Vernon, dedicating his final years to his estate. He passed away on December 14, 1799, leaving behind a legacy that continues to shape the United States. His contributions were aptly summarized by Henry Lee’s eulogy: “First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”
George Washington’s accomplishments are multifaceted and profound. He was the indispensable commander who led the Continental Army to victory, securing American independence. He was a key architect of the U.S. Constitution, laying the foundation for a stable and enduring republic. As the first president, he established the norms and traditions of the office, guiding the young nation through its formative years. Beyond these specific achievements, Washington’s character – his integrity, courage, and commitment to public service – set a standard for American leadership that continues to inspire. What did George Washington do? He did nothing less than help create and define the United States of America.
Sources
“George Washington: The Father of the Nation.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/george-washington.
Chernow, Ron. “George Washington: The Reluctant President.” Smithsonian Magazine, February 2011. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/.
Ellis, Joseph J. “Washington Takes Charge.” Smithsonian Magazine, January 2005. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/washington-takes-charge-107060488. “Biography of George Washington.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/biography/.
Kladky, William P. “Continental Army.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/continental-army.
Knott, Stephen. “George Washington: Life before the Presidency.” Miller Center. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-before-the-presidency.
Additional Resources
Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
