Presbyterians trace their roots back to the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Their heritage and core beliefs stem from the work of French lawyer John Calvin (1509-1564), whose writings solidified much of the Reformed thinking that preceded him.
Calvin’s base was in Geneva, Switzerland, from where the Reformed movement expanded across Europe and the British Isles. Many early American Presbyterians came from England, Scotland, and Ireland. The first American Presbytery was established in Philadelphia in 1706, and the first General Assembly convened in the same city in 1789. This inaugural Assembly was led by Rev. John Witherspoon, the only minister to sign the Declaration of Independence.
Distinctive Characteristics of a Presbyterian Church
What sets Presbyterians apart? Two primary characteristics define them: adherence to Reformed theology and a system of governance emphasizing active, representational leadership from both ministers and church members. This collaborative leadership is a cornerstone of the Presbyterian approach.
A Brief History of the Presbyterian Church
The Presbyterian church in the United States has experienced several separations and reunions throughout its history. The most significant division occurred in 1861 during the American Civil War. The two branches created by this split reunited in 1983 to form the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), which is currently the largest Presbyterian denomination in the country. This reunification highlights the Presbyterian commitment to unity.
Core Presbyterian Theological Beliefs
Key principles articulated by John Calvin remain central to Presbyterian beliefs. These include:
- The Sovereignty of God: God is the ultimate authority throughout the universe.
- The Authority of Scripture: Our understanding of God and His purpose for humanity comes from the Bible, especially the teachings of Jesus Christ in the New Testament.
- Justification by Grace Through Faith: Salvation through Jesus is a free gift from God, not earned through our own efforts.
- The Priesthood of All Believers: Everyone, ministers and lay people alike, is called to share the Gospel with the world.
This emphasis on shared responsibility is reflected in the Presbyterian church’s governance, which involves both clergy and laity, men and women, at all levels.
Presbyterian Stance on Social Issues
The Presbyterian Church actively engages with social and moral issues. As stated in the 1958 Statement of the PCUA, p. 537, the General Assembly:
- Affirms that neither the Church nor individual Christians can be neutral toward evil in the world.
- Recognizes its responsibility to address social and moral issues, offering encouragement and guidance to the Church and its members, striving to understand the mind of Christ and to speak with humility and love.
- Reminds churches that their duty involves not only training members in daily obedience to God’s will but also collectively demonstrating God’s grace in situations of suffering and need, opposing oppressive forces, and supporting initiatives that restore the dignity of all people as children of God, because this is how the gospel is most fully proclaimed.
Who are Presbyterians?
As early as 1837, the General Assembly declared that the church is inherently a missionary society dedicated to sharing the love of God in Jesus Christ through words and actions, globally. Presbyterians worldwide are involved in mission activities, working to alleviate hunger, promote self-development, respond to disasters, support mission endeavors, preach the gospel, heal the sick, and educate future generations.
In partnership with over 150 churches and Christian organizations globally, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)’s missionary efforts involve approximately 1,000 volunteers and paid personnel. Their dedication extends to various fields, illustrating their unwavering commitment to embodying their faith.
In conclusion, a Presbyterian Church is rooted in Reformed theology, emphasizes shared leadership, and actively engages in both spiritual and social missions. This makes them a distinct and impactful Christian denomination.
