What Is APA Citation? A Comprehensive Guide by WHAT.EDU.VN

What Is Apa Citation? Discover the definition, applications, and benefits of APA citation, plus expert guidance, at WHAT.EDU.VN. We offer solutions and explore APA formatting, referencing, and plagiarism prevention, along with academic integrity tips.

1. Understanding the Basics of APA Citation

What is APA citation and why is it so important? APA (American Psychological Association) citation is a standardized format used to acknowledge sources in academic writing. Knowing what is APA citation helps researchers avoid plagiarism and ensures proper attribution of ideas. This method is commonly used in fields like psychology, education, and the social sciences. When you use information from another source, whether it’s a direct quote, a paraphrase, or simply a reference to an idea, APA style dictates how you give credit to the original author.

1.1. What is APA Citation?

APA citation involves two main components: in-text citations and a reference list. In-text citations are brief references within the body of your paper, pointing the reader to the full citation in the reference list. The reference list, appearing at the end of your paper, provides detailed information about each source, allowing readers to locate the original material. Understanding what is APA citation helps maintain academic integrity and gives proper credit.

1.2. Why is APA Citation Important?

The importance of understanding what is APA citation cannot be overstated. It serves several crucial purposes:

Avoiding Plagiarism: Proper citation is essential for avoiding plagiarism, which is the act of presenting someone else’s work as your own. Plagiarism can have serious consequences in academic and professional settings.
Giving Credit: Citation gives credit to the original authors for their ideas and research. This acknowledges their contributions to the field and respects their intellectual property.
Enhancing Credibility: Using what is APA citation demonstrates that you have conducted thorough research and are building your arguments on a solid foundation of evidence.
Enabling Verification: Proper citation allows readers to locate and verify the sources you have used, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of your work.
Supporting Arguments: By citing relevant sources, you strengthen your arguments and demonstrate that your ideas are supported by established research.

1.3. Core Components of APA Citation

Understanding what is APA citation means being familiar with its key components. These components include:

In-Text Citations: These are brief references within the text of your paper. They typically include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and sometimes a page number or paragraph number.
Reference List: This is a comprehensive list of all the sources cited in your paper. It appears at the end of the paper and provides full bibliographic information for each source.
Formatting Guidelines: APA style includes specific guidelines for formatting the title page, abstract, body text, headings, and other elements of your paper.

1.4. Where to Find Accurate Answers

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2. Detailed Guide to In-Text Citations in APA Format

What is APA citation in practice when it comes to in-text citations? In-text citations are crucial for acknowledging the sources you use in your research paper. APA style uses the author-date system, where the author’s last name and the year of publication are included in the text. This section provides a detailed guide to creating in-text citations, ensuring you know what is APA citation.

2.1. Basic Format for In-Text Citations

The basic format for an APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the year of publication, enclosed in parentheses. For example: (Smith, 2020). If you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific information, you should also include the page number or paragraph number. Understanding this is key to knowing what is APA citation.

2.2. Direct Quotations

When using a direct quotation, include the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number in the in-text citation. The quotation should be enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is longer than 40 words, it should be formatted as a block quote, indented half an inch from the left margin, and without quotation marks.

Example of a short quotation:

“Effective communication is essential for building strong relationships” (Jones, 2018, p. 25).

Example of a block quotation:

Smith (2019) argued that:

The impact of social media on society cannot be ignored. It has transformed the way we communicate, share information, and form relationships. However, it also presents challenges such as privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation. (p. 42)

2.3. Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing information, include the author’s last name and year of publication in the in-text citation. While including the page number is not required, it is recommended, especially when paraphrasing specific ideas or data.

Example of paraphrasing:

According to Brown (2021), the use of technology in education has significantly increased in recent years (p. 12).

2.4. Multiple Authors

The format for in-text citations varies depending on the number of authors:

Two Authors: Include both authors’ last names, separated by an ampersand (&) in parentheses or “and” in the text.
- Example: (Smith & Jones, 2019) or Smith and Jones (2019)
Three or More Authors: For the first citation, include all authors’ last names. In subsequent citations, use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”
- First citation: (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2020)
- Subsequent citation: (Smith et al., 2020)

2.5. Group Authors

When the author is a group or organization, use the group’s name in the in-text citation. If the group has a well-known abbreviation, you can include the abbreviation in brackets after the full name in the first citation, and then use the abbreviation in subsequent citations.

Example:

First citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2022)
Subsequent citation: (WHO, 2022)

2.6. Works with No Author

If the work has no author, use the title of the work in the in-text citation. If the title is long, use a shortened version. It is a critical aspect of what is APA citation.

Example:

( “New Study Shows Positive Results,” 2023)

2.7. Works with No Date

If the work has no date, use “n.d.” (for “no date”) in place of the year. Knowing this is important in understanding what is APA citation.

Example:

(Smith, n.d.)

2.8. Citing Secondary Sources

When citing a secondary source (i.e., citing a source that is cited in another source), use the phrase “as cited in” in the in-text citation.

Example:

(Jones, as cited in Smith, 2021)

2.9. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Forgetting the Year: Always include the year of publication in the in-text citation.
Incorrect Author Names: Ensure the author names match the names in the reference list.
Missing Page Numbers: Include page numbers for direct quotations and specific paraphrases.
Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistent formatting throughout your paper.

2.10. Need Quick Answers?

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3. Mastering the APA Reference List

What is APA citation when it comes to the reference list? The reference list is a comprehensive compilation of all sources cited in your paper. It is located at the end of your document and provides all the necessary information for readers to locate the sources you used. This section provides a detailed guide to creating a proper APA reference list.

3.1. General Guidelines for the Reference List

Placement: The reference list should start on a new page at the end of your paper.
Title: The page should be titled “References” centered at the top of the page.
Font and Spacing: Use the same font and spacing as the rest of your paper (e.g., Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced).
Hanging Indent: Each entry should have a hanging indent, meaning the first line of each citation is flush with the left margin, and subsequent lines are indented half an inch.
Alphabetical Order: Entries should be listed in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name. If there is no author, alphabetize by the title of the work (ignoring “A,” “An,” or “The”).

3.2. Basic Format for Reference List Entries

The basic format for a reference list entry includes the following elements:

Author: Last name, First initial(s).
Year of Publication: (Year).
Title of Work: Title of the book/article.
Source Information: Publisher, Journal Name, DOI, or URL.

3.3. Citing Books

The format for citing books in APA style is as follows:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:

Smith, J. (2020). The psychology of happiness. Penguin Books.

3.4. Citing Journal Articles

The format for citing journal articles in APA style is as follows:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. DOI or URL

Example:

Jones, R., Brown, K., & Davis, L. (2021). The impact of social media on mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(3), 456-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.005

3.5. Citing Websites

The format for citing websites in APA style is as follows:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site Name. URL

Example:

World Health Organization. (2022, January 25). Mental health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response

3.6. Citing Reports

The format for citing reports in APA style is as follows:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No.). Publisher. URL

Example:

National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Statistics on mental disorders (Report No. 19-4321). NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-disorders

3.7. Citing Conference Papers

The format for citing conference papers in APA style is as follows:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Title of Conference, Location. URL

Example:

Doe, J. (2023, May). The future of education. International Conference on Education, New York, NY. https://www.example.com/conference

3.8. Multiple Authors

Two to Twenty Authors: List all authors, separated by commas, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
More Than Twenty Authors: List the first nineteen authors, followed by an ellipsis (…), and then the last author.

3.9. Group Authors

When the author is a group or organization, use the full name of the group in the reference list entry.

Example:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

3.10. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Missing Information: Ensure all required elements (author, year, title, source) are included in each entry.
Incorrect Formatting: Pay close attention to formatting details such as capitalization, italics, and punctuation.
Inconsistent Order: List entries in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name.
Not Using Hanging Indent: Make sure to use a hanging indent for each entry.

3.11. Need Quick Answers?

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4. APA Formatting Guidelines: Setting Up Your Paper

What is APA citation in the context of overall paper formatting? Proper formatting is essential for creating a professional and credible paper. APA style provides specific guidelines for setting up your paper, including the title page, abstract, body text, headings, and more. This section offers a comprehensive overview of APA formatting guidelines.

4.1. General Formatting Guidelines

Font: Use a clear and readable font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri, in 12-point size.
Margins: Set all margins to 1 inch (2.54 cm).
Spacing: Double-space all text, including the title page, abstract, body text, references, and appendices.
Page Numbers: Number all pages, starting with the title page, in the upper right corner.
Running Head: Include a running head (a shortened version of the title) in the upper left corner of every page. For student papers, the running head is not required.

4.2. Title Page

The title page is the first page of your paper and should include the following elements:

Title of the Paper: Centered, in bold, and written in title case (i.e., capitalize the first letter of each major word).
Author Name: Centered below the title.
Affiliation: Centered below the author name (usually the name of the school or institution).
Course Name and Number: Centered below the affiliation.
Instructor Name: Centered below the course information.
Due Date: Centered below the instructor’s name.

Example:

The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health

John Smith

University of Example

Course: Psychology 101

Instructor: Dr. Jane Doe

Due Date: May 26, 2023

4.3. Abstract

The abstract is a brief summary of your paper, typically no more than 250 words. It should be placed on a new page after the title page and should include the following:

Title: The word “Abstract” should be centered and in bold at the top of the page.
Content: A concise summary of the paper’s purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
Keywords: A list of keywords related to your paper, indented and labeled “Keywords:”

Example:

Abstract

This study examines the impact of social media use on adolescent mental health. A survey was conducted with 500 adolescents to assess their social media habits and mental health status. Results indicate a significant correlation between excessive social media use and increased rates of anxiety and depression. These findings highlight the need for interventions to promote healthy social media habits among adolescents.

Keywords: social media, adolescent, mental health, anxiety, depression

4.4. Body Text

The body text of your paper should follow these guidelines:

Headings: Use headings to organize your paper into sections and subsections.
Paragraphs: Start each paragraph with an indent of 0.5 inches.
In-Text Citations: Include in-text citations for all sources used in your paper.
Page Numbers and Running Head: Include page numbers in the upper right corner and a running head (if required) in the upper left corner of every page.

4.5. Headings

APA style uses five levels of headings to organize your paper:

Level 1: Centered, Bold, Title Case
Level 2: Left-Aligned, Bold, Title Case
Level 3: Left-Aligned, Bold Italic, Title Case
Level 4: Indented, Bold, Title Case, Ends with a period.
Level 5: Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case, Ends with a period.

4.6. Tables and Figures

If your paper includes tables or figures, they should be placed after the reference list. Each table and figure should be numbered and have a descriptive title.

4.7. Appendices

If your paper includes appendices, they should be placed after the tables and figures. Each appendix should be labeled with a letter (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B) and have a descriptive title.

4.8. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Incorrect Font and Spacing: Use the correct font and spacing throughout your paper.
Missing Page Numbers or Running Head: Include page numbers and a running head (if required) on every page.
Incorrect Heading Levels: Use the correct heading levels to organize your paper.
Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistent formatting throughout your paper.

4.9. Need Quick Answers?

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5. Avoiding Plagiarism: A Guide to Academic Integrity

What is APA citation’s role in avoiding plagiarism? Plagiarism is a serious academic offense that can have severe consequences. Understanding what is APA citation and implementing proper citation techniques are essential for maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. This section provides a comprehensive guide to avoiding plagiarism in your academic work.

5.1. What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, without giving proper credit to the original source. This can include:

Direct Copying: Copying text word-for-word from a source without using quotation marks and providing a citation.
Paraphrasing without Citation: Restating someone else’s ideas in your own words without providing a citation.
Submitting Someone Else’s Work: Submitting an assignment or paper that was written by someone else.
Using Ideas without Attribution: Using someone else’s ideas or arguments without providing a citation.

5.2. Why is Avoiding Plagiarism Important?

Avoiding plagiarism is essential for several reasons:

Academic Integrity: Plagiarism violates the principles of academic integrity, which emphasize honesty, trust, and respect for intellectual property.
Credibility: Plagiarism undermines your credibility as a scholar and researcher.
Legal and Ethical Concerns: Plagiarism can have legal and ethical consequences, especially in professional settings.
Consequences: Plagiarism can result in failing grades, suspension, expulsion, or legal action.

5.3. Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper Citation: Use proper citation techniques to give credit to the original sources of your information. This includes using in-text citations and creating a reference list.
Quoting: Use quotation marks to indicate when you are using someone else’s exact words. Provide a citation with the author, year, and page number.
Paraphrasing: Restate someone else’s ideas in your own words. Provide a citation with the author and year.
Summarizing: Provide a brief overview of someone else’s ideas. Provide a citation with the author and year.
Understanding Common Knowledge: Common knowledge refers to facts that are widely known and accepted. You do not need to cite common knowledge, but when in doubt, it is always better to cite your source.
Using Plagiarism Checkers: Use plagiarism detection tools to check your work for potential instances of plagiarism.

5.4. Common Knowledge vs. Citing Sources

Knowing what is APA citation also means understanding when it is needed. It is important to distinguish between common knowledge and information that requires citation. Common knowledge includes facts that are widely known and can be found in multiple sources. For example, “The Earth revolves around the Sun” is considered common knowledge. However, any specific data, theories, or interpretations should be cited.

5.5. Tips for Effective Note-Taking

Effective note-taking can help you avoid plagiarism by keeping track of your sources and ideas:

Record Source Information: When taking notes, always record the source information, including the author, title, year, and page number.
Use Different Colors or Symbols: Use different colors or symbols to distinguish between direct quotes, paraphrases, and your own ideas.
Organize Your Notes: Organize your notes in a way that makes it easy to identify the source of each piece of information.

5.6. Understanding Fair Use

Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is typically applied in situations such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. However, it is important to understand the limitations of fair use and to always provide proper attribution.

5.7. Ethical Considerations

In addition to legal considerations, it is important to consider the ethical implications of plagiarism. Plagiarism violates the trust between scholars and undermines the integrity of the academic community. By avoiding plagiarism, you uphold the values of honesty, respect, and responsibility.

5.8. Seeking Help When Needed

If you are struggling to understand citation techniques or are unsure whether you are properly attributing your sources, seek help from your instructor, librarian, or writing center. They can provide guidance and support to help you avoid plagiarism.

5.9. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Forgetting to Cite Sources: Always cite the sources of your information, even when paraphrasing or summarizing.
Relying Too Heavily on Sources: Use your own ideas and analysis in addition to the information you gather from sources.
Failing to Use Quotation Marks: Use quotation marks to indicate when you are using someone else’s exact words.
Not Understanding Citation Styles: Learn the proper citation style for your field and follow it consistently.

5.10. Need Quick Answers?

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6. APA 7th Edition vs. 6th Edition: Key Differences

What is APA citation in its latest edition? The American Psychological Association (APA) released the 7th edition of its publication manual in 2019, replacing the 6th edition. This section highlights the key differences between the two editions to help you stay up-to-date with the latest guidelines.

6.1. General Changes

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual is designed to be more user-friendly and accessible. Some of the general changes include:

Simplified Guidelines: The 7th edition provides clearer and more concise guidelines for citation and formatting.
Emphasis on Accessibility: The 7th edition places greater emphasis on creating accessible documents for all readers.
Updated Examples: The 7th edition includes updated examples to reflect current practices in scholarly writing.

6.2. Title Page

One of the most noticeable changes in the 7th edition is the format of the title page:

Running Head: The running head is no longer required for student papers.
Elements: The title page should include the title of the paper, author name, and affiliation. The course name, instructor name, and due date are optional for professional papers but may be required by your instructor for student papers.

6.3. Running Head

In the 7th edition, the running head is only required for professional papers. If you are writing a student paper, you do not need to include a running head. If you are writing a professional paper, the running head should be a shortened version of the title, no more than 50 characters, and written in all capital letters.

6.4. Abstract

The guidelines for the abstract remain largely the same in the 7th edition. The abstract should be a brief summary of your paper, typically no more than 250 words, and should include the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of your study.

6.5. In-Text Citations

The guidelines for in-text citations have been simplified in the 7th edition:

Et Al. : For sources with three or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author’s name in all citations, including the first one.
Page Numbers: Include page numbers for direct quotations and specific paraphrases.

6.6. Reference List

The 7th edition includes several changes to the format of reference list entries:

Author Names: You can now include up to 20 authors in a reference list entry before using an ellipsis.
Publisher Location: The publisher location is no longer included in reference list entries for books.
“Retrieved From”: The phrase “Retrieved from” is no longer required before URLs, unless a retrieval date is needed because the source material may change over time (e.g., some online dictionaries and encyclopedias).
Website Names: Include the name of the website in the reference list entry.

6.7. URLs and DOIs

In the 7th edition, URLs and DOIs should be presented as hyperlinks:

URLs: Present URLs as live links, without underlining.
DOIs: Present DOIs as live links, using the format “https://doi.org/xxxx“.

6.8. Bias-Free Language

The 7th edition provides updated guidelines for using bias-free language:

Respectful Language: Use language that is respectful and inclusive of all individuals and groups.
Specificity: Be specific when describing characteristics or demographics.
Sensitivity: Be sensitive to the impact of language on readers.

6.9. Tables and Figures

The guidelines for tables and figures have been updated in the 7th edition:

Numbering: Number tables and figures separately, using Arabic numerals (e.g., Table 1, Figure 1).
Titles: Provide a brief and descriptive title for each table and figure.
Notes: Include notes below the table or figure to provide additional information or context.

6.10. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Using 6th Edition Guidelines: Make sure you are using the correct guidelines for the 7th edition.
Incorrect Citation Format: Follow the updated guidelines for in-text citations and reference list entries.
Failing to Use Bias-Free Language: Use language that is respectful and inclusive of all individuals and groups.
Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistent formatting throughout your paper.

6.11. Need Quick Answers?

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7. Practical Examples of APA Citations

What is APA citation in action? Seeing practical examples can help you understand how to properly cite different types of sources in APA style. This section provides a variety of examples for common source types, including books, journal articles, websites, and more.

7.1. Citing a Book with One Author

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:

Smith, J. (2020). The psychology of happiness. Penguin Books.

7.2. Citing a Book with Multiple Authors

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:

Jones, R., Brown, K., & Davis, L. (2021). Understanding mental health. Oxford University Press.

7.3. Citing a Journal Article with DOI

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. https://doi.org/DOI

Example:

Garcia, M., Lee, S., & Wilson, E. (2022). The impact of exercise on mood. Journal of Health Psychology, 28(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105321998876

7.4. Citing a Journal Article without DOI

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.

Example:

Chen, L., Martinez, A., & Nguyen, H. (2023). Stress and coping strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(1), 45-58.

7.5. Citing a Website with Author

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site Name. URL

Example:

Smith, J. (2022, November 15). The benefits of mindfulness. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-life/202211/the-benefits-of-mindfulness

7.6. Citing a Website without Author

Title of Page. (Year, Month Day). Site Name. URL

Example:

Mental health resources. (2023, April 10). National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help

7.7. Citing a Report

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report No.). Publisher. URL

Example:

National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Statistics on mental disorders (Report No. 19-4321). NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-disorders

7.8. Citing a Conference Paper

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Title of Conference, Location. URL

Example:

Doe, J. (2023, May). The future of education. International Conference on Education, New York, NY. https://www.example.com/conference

7.9. Citing a Thesis or Dissertation

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis or dissertation (Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis, University Name). URL

Example:

Johnson, M. (2021). The impact of social support on depression (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles). https://www.example.com/dissertation

7.10. Citing a Newspaper Article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL

Example:

Doe, J. (2023, June 10). New study links sleep to mental health. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/10/health/sleep-mental-health.html

7.11. Need Quick Answers?

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8. Utilizing APA Citation Generators and Resources

What is APA citation made easier with online tools? APA citation can be time-consuming, but there are many tools and resources available to help you create accurate citations quickly and efficiently. This section explores APA citation generators, style guides, and other helpful resources.

8.1. APA Citation Generators

APA citation generators are online tools that automatically create citations for you based on the information you provide. Some popular APA citation generators include:

Citation Machine: A comprehensive citation tool that supports APA and other citation styles.
EasyBib: A user-friendly citation generator with a variety of features.
Cite This For Me: A simple citation generator that is easy to use.
Zotero: A reference management tool that can generate citations in APA style.

8.2. Benefits of Using Citation Generators

Accuracy: Citation generators help ensure the accuracy of your citations by following APA guidelines.
Efficiency: Citation generators save time by automating the citation process.
Consistency: Citation generators help maintain consistency in your citations.
Accessibility: Citation generators are available online and can be accessed from anywhere.

8.3. How to Use Citation Generators

Choose a Citation Generator: Select an APA citation generator that meets your needs.
Select Source Type: Choose the type of source you want to cite (e.g., book, journal article, website).
Enter Source Information: Enter the required information for the source, such as the author, title, year, and URL.
Generate Citation: Click the “Generate Citation” button to create the citation.
Copy and Paste: Copy and paste the citation into your reference list.

8.4. APA Style Guides

APA style guides provide detailed information about APA citation and formatting guidelines. Some popular APA style guides include:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style.
APA Style Website: The official website of APA style, which provides resources and information.
Purdue OWL: A comprehensive online writing lab that provides information about APA style.

8.5. Reference Management Tools

Reference management tools help you organize your sources and generate citations in APA style. Some popular reference management tools include:

Zotero: A free and open-source reference management tool.
Mendeley: A reference management tool owned by Elsevier.
EndNote: A commercial reference management tool.

8.6. Tips for Using APA Tools Effectively

Double-Check Citations: Always double-check the citations generated by citation generators to ensure accuracy.
Consult Style Guides: Use APA style guides to learn more about APA citation and formatting guidelines.
Organize Your Sources: Use reference management tools to organize your sources and generate citations efficiently.
Stay Updated: Stay updated with the latest changes to APA style by consulting the APA Style website and other resources.

8.7. Free Resources at WHAT.EDU.VN

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