What Is Glyphosate? A Comprehensive Guide and FAQ

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, controls weeds and grasses. At WHAT.EDU.VN, we understand you’re seeking clear answers about glyphosate. Our comprehensive guide addresses your questions and offers accessible information, including its use in agriculture and potential impacts. Explore WHAT.EDU.VN for free answers and expert insights. Weed control, herbicide resistance, and pesticide regulations are all covered here.

Table of Contents

What is Glyphosate?
Glyphosate Uses and Applications
Glyphosate and Human Health
Glyphosate in Food: Safety and Regulations
Ecological Effects of Glyphosate
Glyphosate Regulation and EPA Actions
Glyphosate: Benefits and Drawbacks
Glyphosate Alternatives and Integrated Pest Management
Glyphosate Resistance: Understanding and Management
Glyphosate FAQ: Your Questions Answered

1. What is Glyphosate?

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. Glyphosate was first discovered in 1970 by chemist John E. Franz of Monsanto. It was introduced to the market in 1974 under the trade name Roundup®.

Glyphosate works by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in plants and microorganisms. This enzyme is essential for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids: tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. Without these amino acids, the plant cannot produce the proteins necessary for growth, leading to its death.

1.1. Chemical Properties of Glyphosate

Glyphosate is an organophosphorus compound, but it does not inhibit acetylcholinesterase, as do organophosphate insecticides. Its chemical formula is C3H8NO5P, and its molecular weight is 169.07 g/mol. Glyphosate is typically formulated as a salt to improve its water solubility. Common salt forms include isopropylamine salt, ammonium salt, and potassium salt.

1.2. Glyphosate Formulations

Glyphosate is available in various formulations, including liquid concentrates, solids, and ready-to-use liquids. These formulations often contain surfactants and other additives to enhance glyphosate’s effectiveness by improving its penetration into plant tissues. Roundup® is the most well-known brand, but many generic versions are also available.

1.3. How Glyphosate Works

Glyphosate is absorbed by plants through their leaves and green stems. Once absorbed, it is translocated throughout the plant, including the roots. This systemic action ensures that the entire plant is affected, including underground parts, preventing regrowth. The inhibition of EPSPS leads to a deficiency in aromatic amino acids, disrupting protein synthesis and causing plant death within a few days to a few weeks.

1.4. Key Characteristics of Glyphosate

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of weeds.
Systemic action: Moves throughout the plant, killing the entire organism.
Non-selective: Kills most plants, not just specific weed types.
Relatively short soil persistence: Degrades in the soil, reducing long-term environmental impact.
Water-soluble: Easily dissolves in water, facilitating application.

Glyphosate’s effectiveness and ease of use have made it one of the most widely used herbicides globally. However, its widespread use has also raised concerns about its potential impacts on human health and the environment, leading to ongoing research and regulatory scrutiny.

2. Glyphosate Uses and Applications

Glyphosate’s versatility and effectiveness have made it a staple in agriculture, landscaping, and other sectors. It’s used to control weeds in a wide array of settings, ensuring efficient crop production and maintaining aesthetic appeal in non-agricultural areas.

2.1. Agricultural Applications

Glyphosate is extensively used in agriculture to control weeds that compete with crops. It is particularly important in the production of glyphosate-resistant crops, such as corn, soybean, cotton, and canola. These crops have been genetically modified to tolerate glyphosate, allowing farmers to spray the herbicide to kill weeds without harming the crop.

Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: Corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa.
Other Crops: Fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereal grains, grain sorghum, citrus crops, sugarcane.

Glyphosate is also used in no-till and low-till farming practices, which help reduce soil erosion and conserve soil moisture. By eliminating the need for plowing, these practices promote soil health and reduce environmental impacts.

2.2. Non-Agricultural Applications

Glyphosate is also used in various non-agricultural settings to control unwanted vegetation. These applications include:

Residential Areas: Used by homeowners to control weeds in lawns, gardens, and driveways.
Commercial Areas: Applied in parks, golf courses, and other commercial landscapes.
Rights-of-Way: Used to control vegetation along roadsides, railways, and utility lines.
Forestry: Used to prepare sites for replanting and to control competing vegetation.
Aquatic Areas: Applied to control aquatic weeds in lakes, ponds, and irrigation canals.

2.3. Application Methods

Glyphosate can be applied using a variety of methods, depending on the target area and the type of vegetation being controlled. Common application methods include:

Spraying: The most common method, using hand-held, backpack, or vehicle-mounted sprayers.
Wiping: Applying glyphosate directly to weeds using a sponge or cloth.
Injection: Injecting glyphosate into the stems of woody plants.
Controlled Droplet Applicators: Using specialized equipment to apply glyphosate in small, uniform droplets.

2.4. Timing of Application

The timing of glyphosate application is crucial for its effectiveness. Glyphosate is most effective when applied to actively growing weeds. The ideal time for application is typically in the spring or early summer when weeds are young and actively photosynthesizing.

2.5. Benefits of Glyphosate Use

Effective Weed Control: Glyphosate provides excellent control of a wide range of weeds.
Increased Crop Yields: By controlling weeds, glyphosate helps to increase crop yields.
Reduced Tillage: Glyphosate enables no-till and low-till farming practices, which improve soil health and reduce erosion.
Cost-Effective: Glyphosate is relatively inexpensive compared to other herbicides.
Ease of Use: Glyphosate is easy to apply and requires minimal training.

Glyphosate’s extensive use across various sectors underscores its importance in modern agriculture and vegetation management. However, concerns about its potential impacts have prompted ongoing research and discussions about sustainable alternatives.

3. Glyphosate and Human Health

The impact of glyphosate on human health is a subject of ongoing debate and research. Regulatory agencies worldwide have conducted extensive evaluations to determine the safety of glyphosate for human use.

3.1. EPA’s Assessment of Human Health Risks

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has consistently maintained that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans when used according to label instructions. The EPA’s evaluations have considered a wide range of studies, including epidemiological studies, animal studies, and in vitro studies.

However, in June 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated the human health portion of the EPA’s interim decision on glyphosate, citing the need for further analysis and explanation. The EPA is currently updating its evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate to address the court’s concerns and incorporate the latest scientific information.

3.2. IARC’s Classification of Glyphosate

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a part of the World Health Organization (WHO), classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans” in 2015. This classification was based on limited evidence of cancer in humans and sufficient evidence of cancer in experimental animals.

The IARC’s classification has been a point of contention, as it differs from the conclusions of other regulatory agencies, including the EPA. The IARC’s assessment focuses on hazard identification, meaning it assesses whether a substance is capable of causing cancer, regardless of the level of exposure.

3.3. Other International Assessments

Several other international regulatory agencies have also assessed the human health risks of glyphosate. These agencies, including the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority, have concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans when used according to label instructions.

3.4. Potential Health Effects of Glyphosate Exposure

While regulatory agencies generally agree that glyphosate is unlikely to cause cancer at typical exposure levels, some studies have suggested potential links between glyphosate exposure and other health effects. These potential effects include:

Endocrine Disruption: Some studies suggest that glyphosate may disrupt the endocrine system, which regulates hormones.
Gut Microbiome Disruption: Glyphosate may affect the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in human health.
Reproductive Effects: Some animal studies have suggested that glyphosate may have adverse effects on reproduction.

However, the evidence for these potential health effects is limited and often inconsistent. More research is needed to fully understand the potential health impacts of glyphosate exposure.

3.5. Reducing Glyphosate Exposure

Individuals concerned about glyphosate exposure can take steps to reduce their exposure. These steps include:

Washing Fruits and Vegetables: Thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables can help remove glyphosate residues.
Buying Organic Produce: Organic farming practices do not allow the use of synthetic herbicides, including glyphosate.
Using Glyphosate Alternatives: Consider using alternative weed control methods in your garden and lawn.
Following Label Instructions: If using glyphosate, carefully follow label instructions to minimize exposure.

The ongoing debate and research surrounding glyphosate and human health underscore the importance of staying informed and taking appropriate precautions to minimize potential risks.

4. Glyphosate in Food: Safety and Regulations

The presence of glyphosate residues in food is a concern for many consumers. Regulatory agencies set limits on the amount of glyphosate that can legally remain on food products to ensure food safety.

4.1. Glyphosate Tolerances in Food

The EPA sets tolerances, or maximum residue limits (MRLs), for glyphosate in various food commodities. These tolerances are the maximum amount of glyphosate residue that is allowed to remain on food products. The tolerances are set at levels that the EPA believes are safe for human consumption.

The complete listing of tolerances for glyphosate can be found in 40 CFR § 180.364. If residues are found above the established tolerance level, the commodity will be subject to seizure by the government.

4.2. Dietary Risk Assessment

The EPA conducts dietary risk assessments to evaluate the potential risks from glyphosate residues in food. These assessments consider the amount of glyphosate that people are likely to consume in their diet and compare it to the level that is considered safe.

The EPA’s dietary risk assessments for glyphosate have consistently found that dietary exposure to glyphosate is not of concern for human health. These assessments assume that 100 percent of all registered crops are treated with glyphosate, that residues are at the tolerance level for each crop, and that residues in drinking water are from direct application of glyphosate to water.

4.3. Monitoring of Glyphosate Residues

Regulatory agencies monitor glyphosate residues in food to ensure that they are below the established tolerances. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conduct regular testing of food products for pesticide residues, including glyphosate.

4.4. Glyphosate in Organic Food

Organic farming practices do not allow the use of synthetic herbicides, including glyphosate. Therefore, organic food is generally free from glyphosate residues. Consumers who are concerned about glyphosate exposure may choose to buy organic food.

4.5. Washing and Peeling Produce

Washing and peeling fruits and vegetables can help reduce glyphosate residues. Washing produce under running water can remove surface residues, while peeling can remove residues that have penetrated the skin.

4.6. Glyphosate in Drinking Water

Glyphosate can sometimes be found in drinking water, particularly in areas where it is heavily used in agriculture. The EPA sets a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for glyphosate in drinking water to protect public health.

Water treatment plants can remove glyphosate from drinking water using various methods, including activated carbon filtration and reverse osmosis.

4.7. Consumer Concerns and Misconceptions

Many consumers have concerns about glyphosate residues in food and their potential health effects. It is important to note that the presence of a detectable pesticide residue does not necessarily mean that the residue is at an unsafe level. Regulatory agencies set tolerances at levels that are considered safe for human consumption.

Consumers can make informed choices about their food by staying informed about glyphosate regulations and monitoring efforts.

5. Ecological Effects of Glyphosate

Glyphosate’s impact extends beyond weed control, affecting various aspects of the environment. Understanding these ecological effects is crucial for making informed decisions about its use.

5.1. Effects on Non-Target Plants

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide, meaning it can kill or harm a wide range of plants, not just the targeted weeds. This can have negative impacts on non-target plants, including native species and beneficial plants.

Spray drift, the movement of glyphosate spray droplets away from the target area, can be a significant source of exposure for non-target plants. Glyphosate can also leach into the soil and affect plant roots.

5.2. Effects on Wildlife

Glyphosate can indirectly affect wildlife by altering their habitat and food sources. For example, the loss of weeds can reduce the availability of seeds and insects that wildlife rely on for food.

Some studies have also suggested that glyphosate may have direct toxic effects on certain wildlife species, including amphibians and aquatic invertebrates.

5.3. Effects on Soil Microorganisms

Glyphosate can affect soil microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, which play important roles in nutrient cycling and soil health. Some studies have shown that glyphosate can reduce the diversity and abundance of soil microorganisms.

However, other studies have found that the effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms are minimal or transient. The effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms likely depend on factors such as soil type, glyphosate concentration, and environmental conditions.

5.4. Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems

Glyphosate can enter aquatic ecosystems through spray drift, runoff, and direct application to control aquatic weeds. Glyphosate can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, including algae, invertebrates, and fish.

Glyphosate can also indirectly affect aquatic ecosystems by altering the structure and function of aquatic plant communities.

5.5. Effects on Pollinators

Glyphosate can indirectly affect pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, by reducing the availability of flowering plants that they rely on for nectar and pollen.

Some studies have also suggested that glyphosate may have direct toxic effects on bees. However, the toxicity of glyphosate to bees is generally considered to be low.

5.6. Protecting Ecological Health

There are several steps that can be taken to minimize the ecological impacts of glyphosate use:

Use Glyphosate Sparingly: Only use glyphosate when necessary and apply it at the lowest effective rate.
Avoid Spray Drift: Take precautions to prevent spray drift, such as using drift-reducing nozzles and avoiding application on windy days.
Protect Non-Target Plants: Shield non-target plants during application or use alternative weed control methods in sensitive areas.
Promote Biodiversity: Maintain a diverse plant community to provide habitat and food sources for wildlife.
Consider Alternatives: Explore alternative weed control methods, such as manual weeding, cover crops, and biological control.

6. Glyphosate Regulation and EPA Actions

Regulatory agencies play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and responsible use of glyphosate. The EPA is the primary regulatory agency responsible for overseeing the use of glyphosate in the United States.

6.1. EPA’s Registration Review Process

The EPA conducts a registration review of all pesticides, including glyphosate, every 15 years to ensure that they continue to meet safety standards. As part of the registration review process, the EPA evaluates new scientific information and considers public comments.

6.2. EPA’s Risk Assessments

The EPA conducts risk assessments to evaluate the potential risks to human health and the environment from glyphosate use. These risk assessments consider exposure pathways, toxicity data, and other relevant information.

6.3. EPA’s Regulatory Actions

Based on its risk assessments, the EPA may take regulatory actions to mitigate potential risks from glyphosate use. These actions can include:

Label Changes: Requiring changes to product labels to provide clearer instructions and warnings.
Use Restrictions: Restricting the use of glyphosate in certain areas or during certain times of the year.
Risk Mitigation Measures: Requiring the implementation of risk mitigation measures, such as buffer zones and drift-reducing technologies.
Cancellation of Registration: Canceling the registration of glyphosate products if they are found to pose unacceptable risks.

6.4. Court Challenges

EPA’s decisions regarding glyphosate have been subject to numerous court challenges. These challenges often involve allegations that the EPA failed to adequately consider the risks of glyphosate or violated the Endangered Species Act.

6.5. International Regulations

Glyphosate is also regulated by regulatory agencies in other countries. The regulations governing glyphosate use vary from country to country.

6.6. Transparency and Public Participation

The EPA is committed to transparency and public participation in its regulatory process. The EPA provides opportunities for the public to comment on proposed regulatory actions and makes its risk assessments and other documents available to the public.

6.7. Ongoing Monitoring and Research

The EPA continues to monitor glyphosate use and conduct research to better understand its potential impacts. This ongoing monitoring and research help ensure that glyphosate is used safely and responsibly.

7. Glyphosate: Benefits and Drawbacks

Glyphosate offers several benefits in weed control and agriculture, but it also has drawbacks that raise concerns about its environmental and health impacts.

7.1. Benefits of Glyphosate

Effective Weed Control: Glyphosate is highly effective at controlling a wide range of weeds, including grasses and broadleaf weeds.
Increased Crop Yields: By controlling weeds that compete with crops for resources, glyphosate can help increase crop yields.
Reduced Tillage: Glyphosate enables no-till and low-till farming practices, which reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture, and improve soil health.
Cost-Effective: Glyphosate is relatively inexpensive compared to other herbicides, making it an affordable option for farmers.
Ease of Use: Glyphosate is easy to apply and requires minimal training, making it accessible to a wide range of users.

7.2. Drawbacks of Glyphosate

Potential Human Health Risks: Some studies have suggested potential links between glyphosate exposure and adverse health effects, including cancer, endocrine disruption, and gut microbiome disruption.
Ecological Impacts: Glyphosate can harm non-target plants, wildlife, and soil microorganisms, leading to biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption.
Development of Glyphosate Resistance: The widespread use of glyphosate has led to the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds, which are difficult to control and require the use of more toxic herbicides.
Spray Drift: Glyphosate spray drift can harm non-target plants and ecosystems, especially in areas adjacent to treated fields.
Residues in Food and Water: Glyphosate residues can be found in food and drinking water, raising concerns about potential exposure and health effects.

7.3. Weighing the Benefits and Drawbacks

The decision of whether to use glyphosate involves weighing its benefits against its drawbacks. Farmers and other users should consider the potential risks and benefits of glyphosate in the context of their specific situation and make informed decisions based on the best available information.

7.4. Sustainable Alternatives

Given the potential drawbacks of glyphosate, it is important to explore sustainable alternatives for weed control. These alternatives include:

Manual Weeding: Removing weeds by hand or with tools.
Cover Crops: Planting crops that suppress weed growth.
Crop Rotation: Rotating crops to disrupt weed cycles.
Biological Control: Using natural enemies of weeds, such as insects and pathogens.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple weed control methods to minimize the use of herbicides.

8. Glyphosate Alternatives and Integrated Pest Management

To reduce reliance on glyphosate and mitigate its potential risks, farmers and other users can adopt alternative weed control methods and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

8.1. Manual Weeding

Manual weeding involves removing weeds by hand or with tools such as hoes and cultivators. This method is labor-intensive but can be effective for controlling weeds in small areas.

8.2. Cover Crops

Cover crops are plants that are grown to cover the soil and suppress weed growth. Cover crops can compete with weeds for resources, release allelopathic chemicals that inhibit weed growth, and improve soil health.

8.3. Crop Rotation

Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a sequence to disrupt weed cycles and reduce weed populations. Crop rotation can also improve soil health and reduce the need for herbicides.

8.4. Biological Control

Biological control involves using natural enemies of weeds, such as insects and pathogens, to control weed populations. Biological control can be an effective and sustainable weed control method, but it requires careful planning and management.

8.5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach to pest control that combines multiple strategies to minimize the use of pesticides. IPM strategies include:

Monitoring: Regularly monitoring fields for weed populations.
Prevention: Implementing practices that prevent weed infestations, such as using clean seed and equipment.
Cultural Practices: Using cultural practices, such as crop rotation and cover crops, to suppress weed growth.
Biological Control: Using natural enemies of weeds to control weed populations.
Chemical Control: Using herbicides only when necessary and at the lowest effective rate.

8.6. Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture involves using technology to apply inputs, such as herbicides, only where and when they are needed. Precision agriculture can reduce herbicide use and minimize environmental impacts.

8.7. Emerging Technologies

Emerging technologies, such as robotic weeders and laser weeding, offer promising alternatives to herbicide use. These technologies can precisely target weeds without harming crops or the environment.

9. Glyphosate Resistance: Understanding and Management

The widespread use of glyphosate has led to the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds, posing a significant challenge to weed control efforts.

9.1. Mechanisms of Resistance

Glyphosate resistance can arise through several mechanisms, including:

Target-Site Mutations: Mutations in the EPSPS gene that reduce the binding affinity of glyphosate.
Increased EPSPS Gene Copy Number: Increased production of the EPSPS enzyme, which overwhelms the inhibitory effect of glyphosate.
Reduced Translocation: Reduced movement of glyphosate within the plant, preventing it from reaching the target site.
Vacuolar Sequestration: Sequestration of glyphosate in vacuoles, which prevents it from reaching the target site.

9.2. Spread of Resistance

Glyphosate-resistant weeds can spread rapidly through seed dispersal, pollen movement, and the movement of contaminated equipment.

9.3. Management Strategies

Managing glyphosate-resistant weeds requires a multifaceted approach that includes:

Diversifying Weed Control Methods: Using a combination of herbicides with different modes of action, as well as non-chemical methods such as tillage, cover crops, and manual weeding.
Rotating Crops: Rotating crops to disrupt weed cycles and reduce selection pressure for glyphosate resistance.
Using Pre-Emergence Herbicides: Applying herbicides before weeds emerge to prevent them from establishing.
Scouting Fields Regularly: Monitoring fields for glyphosate-resistant weeds and taking action to control them before they spread.
Cleaning Equipment: Cleaning equipment to prevent the spread of glyphosate-resistant weed seeds.

9.4. Prevention of Resistance

Preventing the evolution of glyphosate resistance is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of this herbicide. Strategies for preventing resistance include:

Using Glyphosate Judiciously: Only using glyphosate when necessary and at the lowest effective rate.
Avoiding Repeated Applications: Avoiding repeated applications of glyphosate to the same field.
Using Tank Mixtures: Mixing glyphosate with other herbicides with different modes of action.
Monitoring Weed Populations: Regularly monitoring weed populations for signs of resistance.

10. Glyphosate FAQ: Your Questions Answered

Here are some frequently asked questions about glyphosate, providing concise answers to common concerns.

Question	Answer
What Is Glyphosate used for?	Glyphosate is primarily used as a broad-spectrum herbicide to control weeds in agriculture, landscaping, and other settings.
Is glyphosate safe for humans?	Regulatory agencies like the EPA generally consider glyphosate safe when used as directed, but the IARC classifies it as “probably carcinogenic to humans.” More research is ongoing.
Does glyphosate cause cancer?	The EPA states that glyphosate is unlikely to cause cancer in humans, while the IARC has classified it as “probably carcinogenic.” The scientific community has differing opinions, and further research is needed.
Is glyphosate present in food?	Glyphosate residues can be found in food, but regulatory agencies set tolerances (maximum residue limits) to ensure that levels are safe for human consumption.
How can I reduce my exposure to glyphosate?	You can reduce your exposure by washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly, buying organic produce, and using glyphosate alternatives in your garden and lawn.
What are the environmental impacts of glyphosate?	Glyphosate can harm non-target plants, wildlife, and soil microorganisms. It can also contribute to the development of glyphosate-resistant weeds.
What are the alternatives to glyphosate?	Alternatives to glyphosate include manual weeding, cover crops, crop rotation, biological control, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.
What is glyphosate resistance?	Glyphosate resistance refers to the ability of weeds to survive glyphosate application due to genetic mutations or other mechanisms. This requires the use of alternative weed control methods.
How is glyphosate regulated?	Glyphosate is regulated by regulatory agencies such as the EPA, which set tolerances for residues in food and water and impose restrictions on its use to protect human health and the environment.
What are the benefits of using glyphosate?	Glyphosate offers effective weed control, increased crop yields, reduced tillage, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. However, these benefits must be weighed against its potential drawbacks.
How does glyphosate work in plants?	Glyphosate inhibits the EPSPS enzyme, which is essential for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. This disruption in protein synthesis leads to plant death.
Are genetically modified crops related to glyphosate?	Many genetically modified crops are engineered to be glyphosate-resistant. These crops allow farmers to apply glyphosate to control weeds without harming the crop itself.
What is the difference between Roundup and glyphosate?	Roundup is a brand name for a herbicide product whose active ingredient is glyphosate. There are many other products containing glyphosate.
How long does glyphosate persist in the environment?	Glyphosate typically degrades in the soil within a few weeks to a few months, depending on environmental conditions. However, its effects on plants and ecosystems can persist longer.
Where can I find more information about glyphosate?	You can find more information about glyphosate from regulatory agencies like the EPA, scientific organizations, and agricultural extension services. WHAT.EDU.VN is also a great resource for finding answers to your questions about glyphosate.

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