For millennia, Judaism has stood as a testament to enduring faith and cultural resilience. Spanning nearly 4,000 years, the Jewish tradition represents not only a religion but a rich tapestry of history, ethics, and communal identity. At its heart, Judaism is defined by a profound monotheistic belief, the unique covenant between God and the Jewish people, and a comprehensive system of law guiding daily life. This ancient faith has continuously adapted and evolved, engaging with diverse civilizations while preserving its core principles and unbroken lineage. Understanding “What Is Judaism” requires exploring its foundational beliefs, historical trajectory, and the dynamic interplay of tradition and change that has shaped it into the global religion and culture it is today.
Core Beliefs of Judaism
Monotheism is the bedrock of Judaism. Unlike polytheistic religions, Judaism unequivocally affirms the existence of one indivisible God, the singular creator and ruler of the universe. This God is not merely a cosmic force but a personal and ethical being who actively engages with the world and humanity. This concept of One God has been central to Jewish identity and theology throughout history, shaping its doctrines, practices, and worldview.
Central to Judaism is the concept of the covenant, a unique and binding agreement between God and the Jewish people. Rooted in the biblical narrative, this covenant designates the Jewish people as chosen for a special relationship with God, initiated with Abraham and solidified at Mount Sinai with Moses. This chosenness is not interpreted as superiority but as a responsibility to live according to God’s commandments and be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exodus 19:6), serving as a moral and spiritual example to the world.
This covenant is structured and maintained through an intricate system of law, known as Halakha. Derived from the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible), rabbinic interpretations, and centuries of tradition, Halakha encompasses virtually all aspects of Jewish life. It provides guidance on ritual observances, ethical conduct, interpersonal relationships, and social justice. Far from being a rigid set of rules, Jewish law is seen as a divinely ordained path to holiness and a means of bringing God’s presence into everyday life. Prophets, priests, rabbinic sages, and philosophers throughout history have continually elaborated upon and interpreted this legal framework, ensuring its relevance and adaptability across generations.
Embedded within Jewish thought is messianism, the anticipation of a future era characterized by universal peace, justice, and a world perfected under God’s reign. This concept has manifested in various forms throughout Jewish history, from political aspirations for national restoration to spiritual visions of cosmic harmony. Messianic hope serves as a powerful motivator for ethical action and social responsibility, driving efforts to improve the world and bring it closer to a state of redemption.
Continuity and Adaptability
Despite encountering diverse cultures from ancient Babylonia and Egypt to the modern secular world, Judaism has remarkably maintained its continuity. Throughout history, Judaism has demonstrated a capacity to absorb external influences, selectively assimilating and integrating foreign ideas and practices into its own system without compromising its fundamental tenets. This dynamic process has enriched Jewish thought and culture, allowing it to remain relevant and vibrant across different eras and geographical locations. Each historical period has contributed unique layers to the Jewish heritage, creating a cumulative tradition that reflects both historical depth and ongoing evolution. This unbroken chain of tradition, coupled with the ability to adapt, is a defining characteristic of Judaism’s long and influential history.
A Historical Overview of Judaism
The history of Judaism is typically divided into several major periods, each marked by significant developments and transformations. While scholars may debate the precise periodization, a widely accepted framework includes:
Biblical Judaism (c. 20th–4th century BCE)
This foundational period encompasses the biblical narrative from the patriarchs and matriarchs through the formation of the Israelite kingdoms, the prophetic era, and the Babylonian Exile. Key features include the development of monotheism, the establishment of the covenant, the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem, and the emergence of prophetic literature emphasizing social justice and ethical monotheism.
Hellenistic Judaism (4th century BCE–2nd century CE)
Beginning with the conquests of Alexander the Great, this period saw increased interaction between Jewish culture and Hellenistic (Greek) culture. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced, and Jewish thinkers in Alexandria, like Philo, attempted to synthesize Greek philosophy and Jewish theology. This era also witnessed the Maccabean Revolt and the subsequent period of Jewish self-rule before Roman domination.
Rabbinic Judaism (2nd–18th century CE)
Following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabbinic Judaism emerged as the dominant form of the religion. The focus shifted from Temple sacrifice to prayer, study of Torah, and observance of rabbinic law. The Mishnah and Talmud, comprehensive collections of legal discussions and traditions, were compiled during this period, forming the basis of Jewish law and practice for centuries. This era saw the flourishing of Jewish communities across the Diaspora, from Babylonia and Spain to Eastern Europe.
Modern Judaism (c. 1750 to the present)
The Enlightenment and subsequent social and political changes led to the emergence of diverse movements within Judaism. Orthodox Judaism sought to maintain traditional practices and beliefs, while Conservative Judaism aimed for a middle ground, adapting tradition to modern life while preserving core principles. Reform Judaism emphasized ethical monotheism and individual autonomy, advocating for greater integration with modern society. Today, these and other movements, including Reconstructionist and Renewal Judaism, represent the ongoing evolution and adaptation of Judaism in the contemporary world.
Decorative thistle emblem from Britannica, a resource for learning about Judaism and world religions.
In conclusion, “what is Judaism” is a multifaceted question with a rich and complex answer. Judaism is a monotheistic religion grounded in the covenant between God and the Jewish people and guided by a comprehensive legal and ethical system. It is a living tradition that has demonstrated remarkable continuity and adaptability throughout its long history, constantly engaging with new contexts while preserving its core identity. From its ancient biblical roots to its diverse contemporary expressions, Judaism continues to be a vibrant and influential force in the world, shaping the lives of millions and contributing significantly to global culture, ethics, and thought.
