Lichen planus is a condition that can affect the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes, such as those in the mouth and genitals. On the skin, lichen planus typically manifests as purplish, itchy, flat-topped bumps that develop gradually over several weeks. Within the mouth and on genital mucosa, it often presents as lacy, white patches, sometimes accompanied by painful sores. While mild cases of lichen planus on the skin may not require treatment, more severe instances causing pain or intense itching may necessitate prescription medication.
Symptoms of Lichen Planus
The symptoms of lichen planus can vary significantly depending on the specific area of the body affected. When it involves the nails, it generally impacts multiple nails simultaneously. Key symptoms to watch out for include:
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Purple, shiny, flat-topped bumps: These often appear on the inner forearms, wrists, or ankles.
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Lines of rash: These develop where the skin has been scratched.
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Lacy white patches: These can be found on the tongue or the inside of the cheeks.
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Itchiness: This is a common and often distressing symptom.
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Painful sores: These may occur in the mouth or genital areas.
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Hair loss: In rare cases, lichen planus can lead to hair loss.
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Nail abnormalities: These can include scarring, loss of the nail, or dark lines extending from the tip to the base of the nail.
When to Seek Medical Advice
It’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider if you notice unexplained tiny bumps or a rash appearing on your skin, especially if you can’t attribute it to a known cause, such as contact with poison ivy. It is also important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms suggestive of lichen planus affecting the mouth, genitals, scalp, or nails. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential because several skin and mucous membrane conditions can cause similar sores and pain.
Causes of Lichen Planus
The underlying cause of lichen planus is believed to be related to an immune system dysfunction where the body attacks its own skin or mucous membrane cells. The exact reason for this irregular immune response is not fully understood. However, it’s important to note that the condition is not contagious.
Possible triggers for lichen planus include:
- Hepatitis C infection.
- Certain medications: Including pain relievers and other drugs.
- Allergic reactions: Particularly to metals used in dental fillings.
Risk Factors for Developing Lichen Planus
Lichen planus can affect anyone, but it is most commonly observed in middle-aged adults. Oral lichen planus has a higher prevalence in women compared to men.
Potential Complications
Lichen planus, especially when it affects the vulva or vagina, can be challenging to treat. It may result in scarring and significant pain, and sores on the genitals can make sexual intercourse painful.
Even after healing, the affected skin and nails may retain a slightly darker pigmentation. Oral sores can interfere with eating. Furthermore, oral lichen planus is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer. In rare instances, lichen planus can affect the ear canal, and if left untreated, it may lead to hearing loss.
