Methylphenidate, commonly known by the brand name Ritalin, is a prescription stimulant medication primarily used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, less frequently, narcolepsy. It is classified as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, meaning it increases activity in the brain. Understanding what methylphenidate is, how it works, and its potential for misuse is crucial for both patients and the general public.
What is Methylphenidate and How Does It Work?
Methylphenidate is a stimulant drug that affects the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play a crucial role in attention, focus, and impulse control. By increasing their availability, methylphenidate helps improve concentration and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity in individuals with ADHD. The effects of methylphenidate are similar to, but more potent than, caffeine, and less potent than amphetamines.
What Does Methylphenidate Look Like?
Methylphenidate tablets are typically small and round, available in various dosages such as 5mg, 10mg, and 20mg. The color of the tablets can vary, often appearing white or yellow.
How is Methylphenidate Obtained?
Legitimate prescriptions from medical professionals are the primary source of methylphenidate. However, abuse often involves diversion from these legitimate sources. This can include obtaining the drug from peers, friends, or family members who have valid prescriptions. Sadly, some individuals with prescriptions may sell or give away their medication. Theft, either from individuals or school medicine dispensaries, is another method of obtaining methylphenidate for non-medical use.
How is Methylphenidate Abused?
Methylphenidate abuse takes various forms. Some individuals swallow the tablets whole, while others crush them into a powder for snorting. Snorting the drug allows for faster absorption into the bloodstream, leading to a quicker and more intense effect. Another dangerous method involves dissolving the tablets in water and injecting the mixture. This practice carries significant health risks.
Who Abuses Methylphenidate?
Methylphenidate abuse is particularly prevalent among young people, including preadolescents, teenagers, and young adults. The increased use of the drug to treat ADHD in this age group has unfortunately led to a corresponding increase in abuse. Studies, such as the University of Michigan’s Monitoring the Future Survey, have indicated that a percentage of high school seniors have abused the drug at least once. While less common, adults, including healthcare professionals and street addicts, also engage in methylphenidate abuse.
What are the Risks of Methylphenidate Abuse?
When taken as prescribed and under the supervision of a physician, methylphenidate is generally considered a safe and effective medication for treating ADHD. However, abusing the drug carries significant risks. These risks include:
- Binge Use: Taking excessive amounts of the drug in a short period.
- Psychotic Episodes: Experiencing hallucinations, delusions, or paranoia.
- Cardiovascular Complications: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and risk of heart attack or stroke.
- Severe Psychological Addiction: Developing a strong craving for the drug and experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.
Injecting methylphenidate carries additional dangers due to insoluble fillers in the tablets that can block small blood vessels, leading to tissue damage and potential amputation. Furthermore, injection drug users are at a higher risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis B and C, and other blood-borne viruses.
Street Names for Methylphenidate
The abuse of methylphenidate has led to the development of various street names, including:
- Kibbles and bits
- Kiddy cocaine
- Pineapple
- Skippy
- Smarties
- Vitamin R
- West coast
When injected in combination with the prescription pain reliever Talwin, it may be referred to as:
- Crackers
- One and ones
- Ritz and Ts
- Set
- Ts and rits
- Ts and Rs
Is Abusing Methylphenidate Illegal?
Yes, abusing methylphenidate is illegal. Methylphenidate is classified as a Schedule II substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This classification indicates that the drug has a high potential for abuse, which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Other Schedule II drugs include cocaine and methamphetamine.
Conclusion
Methylphenidate is a valuable medication for treating ADHD and narcolepsy when used as prescribed. However, its potential for abuse is a serious concern. Understanding the risks associated with methylphenidate abuse, including addiction, cardiovascular complications, and the dangers of injection drug use, is crucial for preventing misuse and promoting public health. If you or someone you know is struggling with methylphenidate abuse, seeking professional help is essential. Contact your healthcare provider or a local substance abuse treatment center for guidance and support.
