Mullein (Verbascum), often considered a common weed, boasts a long history of use in traditional herbal medicine. For centuries, herbalists have utilized both the flowers and leaves of the mullein plant to address a variety of ailments, ranging from respiratory issues to digestive complaints and skin conditions. But what is mullein really good for? Let’s delve into the potential benefits, backed by scientific research (or the lack thereof), and explore its various uses.
While mullein contains active compounds such as flavonoids and saponins, known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potentially antihypertensive properties, it’s important to note that robust scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness for many traditional uses remains limited.
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Mullein supplements are available in various forms, often marketed for respiratory support.
It is also crucial to understand that in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates dietary supplements differently than prescription medications. Therefore, it is important to choose supplements that have undergone independent testing and certification by organizations like NSF International, USP, or ConsumerLab to ensure the product contains the ingredients listed on the label. Always consult with a healthcare professional, registered dietitian, or pharmacist for personalized advice before starting any new supplement regimen.
Traditional Uses of Mullein
Mullein has a wide range of purported uses, but it’s important to approach these with a critical eye, as much of the supporting evidence is preliminary or based on traditional use rather than rigorous clinical trials. Many studies have been conducted in vitro (in test tubes) or on animals, and these findings may not always translate to the same effects in humans.
Mullein for Lung and Respiratory Health
Traditionally, mullein has been a popular remedy for various lung and respiratory issues, including:
- Hoarseness
- Tonsillitis
- Coughs and colds
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
Mullein is often consumed as an infusion or syrup for respiratory complaints, sometimes combined with other beneficial herbs like mint, rosemary, hawthorn flower, or pine leaves.
The plant contains compounds believed to possess antitussive (cough-reducing) and expectorant (mucus-thinning) properties. Ursolic acid, also found in mullein, has even been investigated for its potential role in preventing and treating COVID-19 infection, though more research is needed. The limited bioavailability of some beneficial flavonoids within mullein means that the human body cannot easily absorb them, highlighting the need for further studies to determine the effectiveness of mullein in treating respiratory illnesses.
Mullein and Infection
Some research suggests that mullein exhibits antibacterial properties, potentially offering support in fighting bacterial and viral infections.
Mullein extracts are sometimes included in ear drop formulations for treating ear infections. However, clinical studies specifically evaluating mullein for this purpose are lacking. Similarly, some studies have demonstrated antiviral activity of mullein extract against the influenza A virus, showing around 50% efficacy in laboratory settings. Despite these promising results, more research is necessary to confirm these findings and determine the effectiveness of mullein for treating infections in humans.
Mullein for Wound and Burn Healing
Mullein is sometimes applied topically to the skin to aid in the treatment of burns and wounds. Traditionally, an ointment is made from the leaves for this purpose. A poultice made from mullein leaves and seeds has also been used to help draw out splinters.
The Mullein plant is recognizable by its soft, velvety leaves.
Notably, one human trial examined the use of mullein for episiotomy wounds in postpartum women. Participants applied a mullein cream twice daily for 10 days, which resulted in enhanced healing of the wounds.
Mullein as a Pain and Inflammation Relief
Mullein is often used traditionally to manage osteoarthritis, a condition marked by cartilage destruction and inflammation.
Mullein possesses a range of plant chemicals with anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies suggest that kaempferol, an antioxidant found in mullein, may help reverse cartilage destruction. It may also alleviate pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
In addition to easing arthritis-related inflammation, mullein has been used to treat:
- Gut inflammation
- Liver inflammation
- Swelling due to broken bones
- Inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis
- Ear pain due to earache
Mullein leaf ointments may be used to treat skin conditions or broken bones, while mullein water or oil infusions may be consumed for gut, liver, or arthritic inflammation. For ear pain, an ointment made from the leaves can be applied to the ear canal for pain relief, or mullein flowers infused in olive oil can be used as ear drops.
Mullein and Skin Health
Mullein extract is frequently used topically for skin conditions such as:
- Eczema
- Acne
- Rash
- Insect bites
- Chilblains
However, there is limited research to support the effectiveness of mullein for these common skin conditions.
Mullein for Diarrhea
Mullein leaves and flowers are typically infused in water and consumed by individuals experiencing diarrhea.
Diarrhea is often linked to an infection, which can cause inflammation in the body. Proponents of mullein suggest it can address both concerns. Like many other purported benefits, this has not been substantiated with human studies.
Health Benefits of Mullein
Overall, the scientific evidence supporting the use of mullein as an effective treatment for various health issues is limited. However, mullein possesses several healing qualities that could potentially be beneficial in medicine.
Mullein contains flavonoids, saponins, and other active compounds that have individually demonstrated:
- Anti-inflammatory properties
- Anti-cancer potential
- Anti-hypertensive effects (lowers blood pressure)
- Antiseptic and antimicrobial properties
- Astringent qualities (constricts pores, limits sebum production)
- Diuretic effects (promotes urine production)
- Pain-relieving properties
- Emollient properties (moisturizing)
- Expectorant effects (clears mucus from airways)
- Spasmolytic action (relieves muscle spasms)
- Wound-healing capabilities
How to Take Mullein
The mullein plant is native to Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia. If you have access to the plant, you can make an ointment using a pestle and mortar with olive oil, or you can infuse the weed in water or olive oil.
If you don’t have access to the plant in nature, you can find mullein supplements in almost every form. Some popular ways to consume mullein include:
- Tea: Mullein tea is available online and in stores. It is often made from various parts of the plant, such as the roots, leaves, and flowers. It is typically marketed for relieving symptoms of respiratory illnesses like the common cold, asthma, COPD, and bronchitis.
- Oil: Mullein oils are made by infusing parts of the mullein plant in oils, often olive oil. These oils are available as pure mullein or blended with garlic, St. John’s Wort, or other herbal extracts. Mullein oils are generally used as ear drops or topically on the skin. Always read product labels carefully and use as intended.
- Extracts: Mullein extracts come in the form of tinctures and are usually meant to be consumed orally. Depending on the product’s directions, you may drop mullein extract directly into your mouth or add a few drops to your drink. Mullein extracts are often marketed as “lung cleanses” that provide respiratory and immune support.
- Cream: Mullein creams and salves are for topical application to soften, soothe, and protect the skin. Pure mullein creams are uncommon, and most are combined with other organic and/or inorganic ingredients. Before using, consider doing a patch test to ensure none of the ingredients worsen your skin condition.
- Supplements: Mullein supplements are increasingly available online and in stores, typically in capsule form. These supplements are generally marketed for providing respiratory, bronchial, and immune support.
Protect mullein supplements from extreme temperatures. Discard supplements after their expiration date as listed on the packaging.
Mullein Side Effects
There are typically no commonly reported or severe side effects associated with mullein use.
One review of various herbs reported no side effects from mullein. In another study, participants who used mullein for episiotomy wounds experienced no side effects after 10 days of use.
However, it is important to educate yourself about supplement safety before using any herb.
The FDA cannot effectively evaluate all supplements on the market. As a result, many unregulated products haven’t been tested for safety. The actual content of some products may not match their product labels.
Also, keep in mind that some supplements may not be safe for children, pregnant or nursing individuals, or people with certain medical conditions.
Summary
Mullein is an herbal remedy used to address a range of medical conditions, including respiratory illnesses, infection, skin disorders, and diarrhea. Although mullein appears to be relatively safe, its effectiveness in treating specific health conditions has not been definitively proven. More research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of this herb.
