What Is Pneumothorax? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What Is Pneumothorax? It’s a collapsed lung, a condition where air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. At WHAT.EDU.VN, we aim to provide clear and accessible explanations of medical conditions, offering solutions and helping you understand pneumothorax causes, symptoms, and available treatments. Explore lung collapse, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

1. Understanding Pneumothorax: A Comprehensive Overview

Pneumothorax, often referred to as a collapsed lung, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas in the pleural space. The pleural space is the area between the lung and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung. Understanding what is pneumothorax is crucial for early detection and appropriate management.

The lungs are enclosed by two layers of tissue called the pleura. The visceral pleura covers the lung itself, and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall. Between these two layers is the pleural space, which normally contains a small amount of fluid that lubricates the surfaces, allowing the lungs to expand and contract smoothly during breathing. When air enters this space, it disrupts the negative pressure that keeps the lung inflated, leading to its collapse.

1.1. Types of Pneumothorax

There are several types of pneumothorax, each with its own causes and characteristics:

Spontaneous Pneumothorax: This type occurs without any apparent injury or underlying lung disease. It is further divided into:
- Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP): Occurs in individuals without known lung disease.
- Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (SSP): Occurs in individuals with pre-existing lung conditions.
Traumatic Pneumothorax: This type is caused by an injury to the chest, such as a rib fracture, penetrating wound, or medical procedure.
Tension Pneumothorax: This is a life-threatening condition where air enters the pleural space but cannot escape, leading to a rapid increase in pressure that can compress the heart and major blood vessels.

1.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs

To fully grasp what is pneumothorax, it is essential to understand the basic anatomy and physiology of the lungs. The lungs are the primary organs of respiration, responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream.

The lungs are divided into lobes: the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is further divided into smaller units called lobules. The airways, consisting of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, carry air into the lungs. The bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

The pleura, as mentioned earlier, plays a crucial role in lung function. The pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing, and the negative pressure in the pleural space helps to keep the lungs inflated against the chest wall.

1.3. Causes of Pneumothorax

Understanding the causes of pneumothorax is essential for prevention and appropriate medical intervention.

1.3.1 Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without any external injury or trauma. It is primarily divided into two categories:

Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP): PSP typically affects individuals with no known underlying lung disease. It is often associated with the rupture of small air-filled sacs on the surface of the lungs, known as blebs or bullae. These blebs are more common in tall, thin young men, particularly those who smoke. The exact cause of bleb formation is not fully understood, but factors such as smoking, genetics, and rapid changes in air pressure may play a role.
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (SSP): SSP occurs in individuals who have pre-existing lung diseases. These conditions weaken the lung tissue, making it more susceptible to rupture. Common underlying lung diseases associated with SSP include:
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Asthma
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Lung Cancer
- Interstitial Lung Diseases (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)

1.3.2 Traumatic Pneumothorax

Traumatic pneumothorax results from an injury to the chest wall or lungs. Common causes of traumatic pneumothorax include:

Blunt Trauma: Blunt trauma to the chest can occur from car accidents, falls, or direct blows to the chest. The force of the impact can cause rib fractures, which in turn can puncture the lung.
Penetrating Trauma: Penetrating injuries, such as gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or impalement injuries, can directly puncture the lung and allow air to enter the pleural space.
Medical Procedures: Certain medical procedures can inadvertently cause a pneumothorax. These include:
- Central Line Insertion: Placement of a central venous catheter can puncture the lung if not performed carefully.
- Thoracentesis: A procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space can sometimes result in a lung puncture.
- Lung Biopsy: Obtaining a tissue sample from the lung can occasionally cause a pneumothorax.
- Mechanical Ventilation: The use of mechanical ventilation, especially with high pressures, can lead to barotrauma and subsequent pneumothorax.

1.3.3 Tension Pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax is a severe form of pneumothorax where air enters the pleural space but cannot escape. This one-way valve effect causes a continuous build-up of pressure in the chest cavity. The increasing pressure can compress the heart and major blood vessels, leading to reduced cardiac output and life-threatening circulatory collapse. Tension pneumothorax can result from:

Complications of spontaneous pneumothorax
Traumatic injuries
Mechanical ventilation

Prompt recognition and treatment of tension pneumothorax are critical to prevent fatal outcomes.

1.3.4 Other Causes

In rare cases, pneumothorax can occur due to other factors, such as:

Catamenial Pneumothorax: This is a rare condition that occurs in women in association with their menstrual cycle. It is believed to be caused by the migration of endometrial tissue into the pleural space.
Iatrogenic Pneumothorax: This refers to pneumothorax caused by medical interventions, such as surgery or diagnostic procedures.

1.4. Risk Factors for Pneumothorax

Several factors can increase the risk of developing pneumothorax. Awareness of these risk factors can help individuals and healthcare providers take preventive measures.

Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for both primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. The harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke can damage the lung tissue, leading to the formation of blebs and increasing the risk of rupture.
Age and Gender: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is more common in young, tall, thin males between the ages of 20 and 40. The reason for this demographic predilection is not entirely clear, but it may be related to the rapid growth of the lungs during adolescence.
Underlying Lung Disease: Individuals with pre-existing lung conditions such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and interstitial lung diseases have a higher risk of developing secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.
Genetics: Some genetic conditions, such as Marfan syndrome and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of pneumothorax. These conditions can affect the structure and integrity of the lung tissue.
Mechanical Ventilation: Patients receiving mechanical ventilation are at risk of developing barotrauma, which can lead to pneumothorax.
Previous Pneumothorax: Individuals who have experienced a pneumothorax in the past have a higher risk of recurrence.
High Altitude and Scuba Diving: Rapid changes in air pressure, such as those experienced during high-altitude activities or scuba diving, can increase the risk of pneumothorax.
Recreational Drug Use: Inhaling certain drugs, such as cannabis or cocaine, can damage the lung tissue and increase the risk of pneumothorax.

2. Symptoms of Pneumothorax: Recognizing the Signs

Recognizing the symptoms of pneumothorax is crucial for early diagnosis and timely medical intervention. The symptoms can vary depending on the size of the pneumothorax and the overall health of the individual. Here’s a detailed look at the common symptoms and what to do if you experience them.

2.1. Common Symptoms

Sudden Chest Pain: This is one of the most common symptoms of pneumothorax. The pain is often sharp and stabbing, and it may worsen with deep breathing or coughing.
Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea): Difficulty breathing or feeling like you can’t get enough air is another hallmark symptom. The severity of shortness of breath can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of lung collapse.
Cough: Some individuals may develop a cough, which can be dry or produce a small amount of mucus.
Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak can occur as the body works harder to compensate for the reduced lung function.
Rapid Heart Rate (Tachycardia): The heart may beat faster than normal as it tries to deliver oxygen to the body’s tissues.
Cyanosis: In severe cases, a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds may occur due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
Shoulder Pain: Pain may radiate to the shoulder or back in some cases.

2.2. Symptoms in Different Types of Pneumothorax

The symptoms of pneumothorax can vary slightly depending on the type of pneumothorax:

Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP): In PSP, symptoms may be relatively mild, especially if the pneumothorax is small. Some individuals may experience only minor chest discomfort and mild shortness of breath.
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (SSP): SSP tends to cause more severe symptoms because it occurs in individuals with underlying lung disease. These individuals may already have compromised lung function, and the additional collapse of the lung can lead to significant respiratory distress.
Tension Pneumothorax: This is a medical emergency, and symptoms can develop rapidly and be life-threatening. In addition to severe chest pain and shortness of breath, individuals with tension pneumothorax may experience:
- Severe Respiratory Distress
- Rapid Heart Rate
- Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)
- Distended Neck Veins
- Deviation of the Trachea (Windpipe)
- Cyanosis

2.3. When to Seek Medical Attention

It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

Sudden, severe chest pain
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Rapid heart rate
Bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, or nail beds
Any symptoms of tension pneumothorax

Even if your symptoms are mild, it is best to consult a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

2.4. Diagnostic Tests

To diagnose pneumothorax, healthcare providers typically use the following diagnostic tests:

Chest X-Ray: This is the primary diagnostic tool for pneumothorax. A chest X-ray can reveal the presence of air in the pleural space and the extent of lung collapse.
CT Scan: In some cases, a CT scan of the chest may be necessary to provide a more detailed view of the lungs and surrounding structures. CT scans can help identify the cause of the pneumothorax and detect any underlying lung disease.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis: This test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. It can help assess the severity of respiratory compromise and guide treatment decisions.

2.5. Differential Diagnosis

It is important to note that the symptoms of pneumothorax can be similar to those of other medical conditions. Healthcare providers must consider other possible diagnoses, such as:

Pulmonary Embolism: A blood clot in the lungs
Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs
Acute Coronary Syndrome: Conditions such as heart attack or unstable angina
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
Musculoskeletal Chest Pain: Pain originating from the muscles, bones, or cartilage in the chest wall

A thorough medical evaluation, including a physical examination and appropriate diagnostic tests, is necessary to differentiate pneumothorax from other potential causes of chest pain and shortness of breath.

3. Diagnosing Pneumothorax: Tests and Procedures

Diagnosing pneumothorax involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate treatment and preventing complications.

3.1. Physical Examination

A healthcare provider will start by performing a physical examination. This may include:

Auscultation: Listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. In pneumothorax, breath sounds may be diminished or absent on the affected side.
Percussion: Tapping on the chest wall to assess the underlying tissue. Pneumothorax may cause a hyper-resonant or tympanic sound on the affected side.
Vital Signs: Checking vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation.

3.2. Medical History

The healthcare provider will also gather information about your medical history, including:

Any history of lung disease, such as COPD, asthma, or cystic fibrosis
History of chest trauma or recent medical procedures
Smoking history
Family history of pneumothorax or related conditions

3.3. Diagnostic Tests

Chest X-Ray: A chest X-ray is the primary diagnostic tool for pneumothorax. It can reveal the presence of air in the pleural space, the degree of lung collapse, and any underlying lung abnormalities. A chest X-ray is typically performed in the upright position to allow air to rise to the top of the chest cavity, making it easier to detect.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan of the chest provides a more detailed view of the lungs and surrounding structures. It can help identify small pneumothoraces that may not be visible on a chest X-ray, as well as detect underlying lung diseases or abnormalities. CT scans are particularly useful in diagnosing secondary spontaneous pneumothorax and identifying the cause of the air leak.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis: An ABG test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. It can help assess the severity of respiratory compromise and guide treatment decisions, especially in cases of tension pneumothorax or severe respiratory distress.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): While not directly diagnostic of pneumothorax, an ECG may be performed to rule out cardiac causes of chest pain, such as a heart attack.

3.4. Imaging Techniques

Ultrasound: Ultrasound can be used as a rapid bedside tool to detect pneumothorax, particularly in emergency situations. It can identify the absence of lung sliding, which is a characteristic sign of pneumothorax.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is not typically used to diagnose pneumothorax, but it may be helpful in evaluating underlying lung conditions or complications.

3.5. Diagnostic Challenges

Diagnosing pneumothorax can sometimes be challenging, particularly in certain situations:

Small Pneumothorax: Small pneumothoraces may be difficult to detect on chest X-rays, especially if the patient is lying down.
Underlying Lung Disease: In individuals with pre-existing lung conditions, it may be difficult to distinguish pneumothorax from other lung abnormalities.
Obese Patients: Obesity can make it more challenging to obtain clear chest X-rays, potentially delaying diagnosis.
Critically Ill Patients: Diagnosing pneumothorax in critically ill patients who are on mechanical ventilation can be difficult, as they may not be able to communicate their symptoms.

In these situations, healthcare providers may need to use a combination of diagnostic tests and clinical judgment to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.

4. Pneumothorax Treatment Options: A Detailed Guide

The treatment for pneumothorax depends on several factors, including the size of the pneumothorax, the presence of symptoms, and the overall health of the individual. Treatment options range from observation to more invasive procedures such as chest tube insertion or surgery.

4.1. Observation

Small pneumothoraces that are not causing significant symptoms may be managed with observation alone. This approach is typically used for primary spontaneous pneumothoraces that are less than 2 cm in size and are not associated with significant respiratory distress.

During observation, the healthcare provider will closely monitor the individual for any worsening of symptoms. Repeat chest X-rays may be performed to assess whether the pneumothorax is resolving on its own. Supplemental oxygen may be administered to help speed up the reabsorption of air from the pleural space.

4.2. Needle Aspiration

Needle aspiration involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove air. This procedure may be considered for larger pneumothoraces or those that are causing symptoms but are not severe enough to warrant chest tube insertion.

During needle aspiration, a small needle or catheter is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space. Air is then withdrawn using a syringe or suction device. The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia.

4.3. Chest Tube Insertion (Thoracostomy)

Chest tube insertion, also known as thoracostomy, is a common treatment for pneumothorax. It involves inserting a tube into the pleural space to remove air and allow the lung to re-expand.

The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia. A small incision is made in the chest wall, and a chest tube is inserted into the pleural space. The tube is then connected to a drainage system, which may include a one-way valve or a suction device.

4.4. Pleurodesis

Pleurodesis is a procedure that involves creating adhesions between the visceral and parietal pleura, effectively obliterating the pleural space. This can be achieved through chemical or surgical methods.

Chemical Pleurodesis: This involves instilling a chemical irritant, such as talc or doxycycline, into the pleural space through a chest tube. The irritant causes inflammation and scarring, leading to the formation of adhesions between the pleural layers.
Surgical Pleurodesis: This involves surgically creating adhesions between the pleural layers. This can be done through open thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

4.5. Surgical Intervention

Surgery may be necessary for certain cases of pneumothorax, such as:

Recurrent Pneumothorax: If a pneumothorax recurs after previous treatments, surgery may be recommended to prevent future episodes.
Persistent Air Leak: If air continues to leak from the lung despite chest tube drainage, surgery may be necessary to repair the air leak.
Bulla Resection: If the pneumothorax is caused by ruptured blebs or bullae, surgery may be performed to remove these abnormal air sacs.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS): VATS is a minimally invasive surgical technique that involves using a small camera and instruments to perform surgery through small incisions in the chest wall. VATS may be used to perform bulla resection, pleurodesis, or repair air leaks.
Thoracotomy: In some cases, an open thoracotomy (surgical incision in the chest wall) may be necessary to perform more extensive surgery.

4.6. Treatment for Tension Pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. The initial treatment for tension pneumothorax involves needle decompression.

Needle Decompression: This involves inserting a large-bore needle into the pleural space to relieve the pressure. The needle is typically inserted in the second intercostal space, midclavicular line.
Chest Tube Insertion: After needle decompression, a chest tube is inserted to provide continuous drainage of air from the pleural space.

4.7. Supportive Care

In addition to specific treatments for pneumothorax, supportive care is essential to ensure the individual’s comfort and well-being. Supportive care measures may include:

Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen may be administered to improve oxygen levels in the blood.
Pain Management: Pain medications may be prescribed to relieve chest pain.
Pulmonary Hygiene: Encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises can help prevent pneumonia and other respiratory complications.
Smoking Cessation: Individuals who smoke should be encouraged to quit smoking to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve overall lung health.

4.8. Potential Complications of Treatment

While treatment for pneumothorax is generally safe and effective, potential complications can occur. These may include:

Infection: Chest tube insertion can sometimes lead to infection.
Bleeding: Bleeding can occur during chest tube insertion or surgery.
Air Leak: Air may continue to leak from the lung despite treatment.
Recurrence: Pneumothorax can recur even after successful treatment.
Empyema: Empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural space.
Bronchopleural Fistula: This is an abnormal connection between the airway and the pleural space.
Lung Damage: In rare cases, treatment for pneumothorax can cause damage to the lung.

5. Living with Pneumothorax: Recovery and Prevention

Living with pneumothorax involves managing the recovery process and taking steps to prevent future occurrences. The recovery period can vary depending on the severity of the pneumothorax and the type of treatment received.

5.1. Recovery Process

Hospital Stay: The length of the hospital stay can vary depending on the treatment received and the individual’s overall health. Individuals who undergo chest tube insertion may need to stay in the hospital for several days to ensure that the lung is fully re-expanded and the air leak has resolved.
Pain Management: Pain medications may be prescribed to manage chest pain during the recovery period. It is important to take these medications as directed by the healthcare provider.
Activity Restrictions: During the initial recovery period, individuals may need to limit their physical activity. Strenuous activities should be avoided until the healthcare provider gives the go-ahead.
Follow-Up Appointments: Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are essential to monitor the recovery process and detect any potential complications. Chest X-rays may be performed to assess the lung’s condition.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation: In some cases, pulmonary rehabilitation may be recommended to help improve lung function and overall fitness. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs typically include exercise training, breathing techniques, and education about lung health.

5.2. Prevention Strategies

While it may not always be possible to prevent pneumothorax, there are several steps individuals can take to reduce their risk:

Smoking Cessation: Smoking is a major risk factor for pneumothorax. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence.
Avoid High-Risk Activities: Individuals who have had a pneumothorax may need to avoid certain high-risk activities, such as scuba diving and high-altitude climbing.
Manage Underlying Lung Conditions: Individuals with underlying lung conditions should work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their conditions and prevent complications.
Proper Medical Care: Seeking prompt medical attention for chest injuries or respiratory symptoms can help prevent pneumothorax.
Awareness of Symptoms: Being aware of the symptoms of pneumothorax and seeking medical attention if they occur can help ensure early diagnosis and treatment.

5.3. Lifestyle Adjustments

Diet: A healthy diet can help support overall lung health. Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can provide essential nutrients and antioxidants.
Exercise: Regular exercise can help improve lung function and overall fitness. However, it is important to avoid strenuous activities that could put stress on the lungs.
Hydration: Staying well-hydrated can help keep the airways moist and prevent mucus from becoming thick and difficult to clear.
Avoid Irritants: Exposure to air pollution, dust, and other irritants can aggravate lung conditions. It is important to avoid these irritants whenever possible.

5.4. Support Groups and Resources

Living with pneumothorax can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Support groups and online resources can provide valuable information, emotional support, and practical advice.

The American Lung Association: This organization offers a variety of resources and support programs for individuals with lung conditions.
Online Forums: Online forums and communities can provide a platform for individuals with pneumothorax to connect with each other, share their experiences, and offer support.

5.5. Psychological Support

Dealing with a chronic lung condition like pneumothorax can take a toll on mental health. It’s important to seek psychological support if you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, or other emotional difficulties.

Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of therapy can help you cope with the emotional challenges of living with pneumothorax.
Mindfulness and Meditation: Practicing mindfulness and meditation can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
Support Groups: Joining a support group can provide a sense of community and help you feel less alone in your struggles.

5.6. Long-Term Outlook

The long-term outlook for individuals with pneumothorax depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. While pneumothorax can be a recurring condition, many individuals can lead full and active lives with proper management and prevention strategies.

6. FAQ about Pneumothorax

Question	Answer
What are the main causes of pneumothorax?	Pneumothorax can be caused by chest injuries, lung diseases, ruptured air blisters, and mechanical ventilation. Risk factors include smoking, genetics, and previous pneumothorax.
What are the primary symptoms of pneumothorax?	The main symptoms are sudden chest pain and shortness of breath, which can vary in severity depending on the extent of the lung collapse.
How is pneumothorax diagnosed?	Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and arterial blood gas analysis.
What are the treatment options for pneumothorax?	Treatment options include observation for small cases, needle aspiration, chest tube insertion (thoracostomy), pleurodesis (chemical or surgical), and surgical intervention (such as VATS or thoracotomy) for recurrent or severe cases.
What should I do if I suspect I have a pneumothorax?	Seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms of a pneumothorax can be caused by various health problems, some of which can be life-threatening. If chest pain is severe or breathing becomes increasingly difficult, get emergency care.
What is tension pneumothorax, and why is it dangerous?	Tension pneumothorax is a severe condition where air enters the pleural space but cannot escape, leading to a rapid increase in pressure that can compress the heart and major blood vessels. It can cause reduced cardiac output and life-threatening circulatory collapse, requiring immediate treatment with needle decompression.
How can I prevent a recurrence of pneumothorax?	Prevention strategies include quitting smoking, avoiding high-risk activities (such as scuba diving), managing underlying lung conditions, and seeking prompt medical care for chest injuries or respiratory symptoms.
What lifestyle adjustments can help with pneumothorax recovery?	Lifestyle adjustments include maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise (while avoiding strenuous activities), staying hydrated, and avoiding irritants like air pollution and dust.
Are there support groups or resources for people with pneumothorax?	Yes, organizations like the American Lung Association offer resources and support programs. Additionally, online forums and communities can provide a platform for individuals with pneumothorax to connect, share experiences, and offer support.
What is the long-term outlook for individuals with pneumothorax?	The long-term outlook depends on the underlying cause and effectiveness of treatment. While pneumothorax can recur, many individuals can lead full and active lives with proper management and prevention strategies.
What is the role of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)?	VATS is a minimally invasive surgical technique that involves using a small camera and instruments to perform surgery through small incisions in the chest wall. VATS may be used to perform bulla resection, pleurodesis, or repair air leaks.
Can genetics play a role in pneumothorax?	Yes, certain genetic conditions, such as Marfan syndrome and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of pneumothorax. These conditions can affect the structure and integrity of the lung tissue.
How does mechanical ventilation lead to pneumothorax?	Mechanical ventilation, especially with high pressures, can lead to barotrauma and subsequent pneumothorax. The ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest, potentially causing the lung to collapse completely.
What is the difference between primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?	Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs in individuals without known lung disease, often associated with the rupture of small air-filled sacs on the surface of the lungs. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) occurs in individuals with pre-existing lung diseases, which weaken the lung tissue, making it more susceptible to rupture.

7. The Importance of Seeking Expert Advice

Understanding what is pneumothorax can be complex, and individual situations vary greatly. It’s essential to seek advice from healthcare professionals for personalized guidance and treatment plans. At WHAT.EDU.VN, we provide comprehensive information, but it should not replace professional medical advice.

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