What Is A Bris? Unveiling The Jewish Circumcision Ceremony

A bris, also known as a brit milah, is the Jewish religious ceremony where a baby boy is circumcised, symbolizing a sacred covenant. At WHAT.EDU.VN, we provide clear answers to your questions about this ancient tradition and its modern interpretations. Explore the spiritual significance, traditions, and contemporary perspectives surrounding this significant rite of passage, plus get connected to our community for free advice. Dive deeper into Jewish rituals and traditions, explore Jewish customs, and discover the essence of Jewish heritage through our resources.

Here’s a comprehensive exploration of what a bris entails:

1. What Is A Bris Milah?

A Bris Milah, often simply referred to as a Bris, is a Jewish circumcision ceremony performed on a baby boy. This ritual is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, dating back to the biblical covenant between God and Abraham. It is considered a fundamental mitzvah (commandment) in Judaism, symbolizing the entry of the newborn into the covenant of Abraham and the Jewish people. The Bris is more than just a medical procedure; it is a significant religious and cultural event.

1.1 What Is The Origin Of The Bris?

The origin of the Bris can be traced back to the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. God commanded Abraham to circumcise himself, his descendants, and all male members of his household as a sign of the covenant between them (Genesis 17:10-14). This act of circumcision symbolized a lasting bond and commitment to God’s commandments.

1.2 What Does The Bris Symbolize?

The Bris symbolizes several important aspects of Jewish faith and tradition:

Covenant with God: The primary symbolism is the covenant between God and Abraham, representing a lasting relationship and commitment to follow God’s laws.
Jewish Identity: The Bris marks the entry of the boy into the Jewish community, signifying his belonging and adherence to Jewish traditions.
Continuity: It connects the generations, as the practice has been observed for thousands of years, linking each generation of Jewish males to their ancestors.
Spiritual Purity: Some interpretations suggest it symbolizes spiritual purity and refinement.

1.3 What Is The Significance Of Circumcision In Judaism?

Circumcision in Judaism is not merely a physical act but a deeply symbolic and religiously significant rite. It signifies the following:

Fulfillment of a Divine Commandment: Jews believe they are fulfilling a direct command from God.
Mark of the Covenant: It is a physical sign of the covenant, distinguishing Jewish males and marking them as part of the Jewish people.
Symbol of Dedication: It represents a dedication to living a life in accordance with Jewish values and principles.

2. When And Where Does A Bris Take Place?

The timing and location of a Bris are guided by specific Jewish laws and customs. While there can be some flexibility based on circumstances, the traditional guidelines are generally followed.

2.1 When Is The Bris Performed?

Traditionally, the Bris is performed on the eighth day of the baby’s life, counting from the day of birth. This timing is mandated by Jewish law and is adhered to even if the eighth day falls on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath) or a Jewish holiday. The only exception is when the baby’s health is compromised, in which case the Bris is postponed until the baby is deemed fit.

2.2 What Happens If The Baby Is Unwell?

If the baby is born prematurely or has health issues, the Bris is postponed until the baby is healthy enough to undergo the procedure. The timing is determined by medical professionals in consultation with religious authorities. Once the baby’s health is stable, the Bris is scheduled as soon as possible, avoiding Shabbat and Jewish holidays if it is a non-urgent situation.

2.3 Where Is The Bris Performed?

The Bris can be performed in various locations, depending on the family’s preference and customs. Common locations include:

Synagogue: Historically, the Bris was often held in the synagogue during morning services, emphasizing its communal and religious nature.
Home: Many families choose to hold the Bris in their home, creating a more intimate and personal setting. This is particularly common in modern times.
Community Center: Some communities have designated spaces in community centers for such ceremonies.

The location does not affect the validity of the Bris as long as it is performed by a qualified mohel and follows Jewish law.

3. Who Performs The Bris?

The Bris is performed by a trained and qualified individual known as a mohel. The mohel is not only skilled in the surgical aspect of circumcision but also knowledgeable in the relevant Jewish laws and traditions.

3.1 Who Is A Mohel?

A mohel is a person trained and certified in the practice of Jewish circumcision. The role of the mohel is to perform the Bris according to Jewish law (Halakha). Traditionally, mohels were men, but in more liberal Jewish communities, women can also be trained and certified as mohels, known as mohelot (plural of mohelet).

3.2 What Training Does A Mohel Have?

The training of a mohel involves both religious and practical components:

Religious Training: Mohels study Jewish law related to circumcision, including the proper procedures, blessings, and customs.
Medical Training: They receive medical training to ensure they can perform the procedure safely and hygienically. This often includes surgical training and knowledge of infant anatomy.
Certification: Mohels are typically certified by a religious authority or organization, ensuring they meet the required standards of knowledge and skill.

3.3 How To Find A Qualified Mohel?

Finding a qualified mohel is crucial to ensure the Bris is performed correctly and safely. Here are some steps to take:

Recommendations: Seek recommendations from your rabbi, Jewish community, or friends who have had a Bris for their sons.
Certification: Verify the mohel’s certification and credentials.
Interviews: Interview potential mohels to discuss their experience, training, and approach to the Bris.
References: Ask for references from previous clients to gauge their satisfaction and the mohel’s reputation.

Kveller offers resources on what to look for in a mohel and how to find a mohel in your area.

4. What Happens During The Bris Ceremony?

The Bris ceremony is a meaningful event filled with specific rituals, blessings, and customs. It usually involves family, friends, and members of the Jewish community.

4.1 What Are The Key Steps Of The Bris Ceremony?

The Bris ceremony typically includes the following steps:

Arrival of the Baby: The baby is brought into the room by someone honored by the family, often a godparent.
Placement on the Chair of Elijah: The baby is briefly placed on a chair designated for the prophet Elijah, who is considered the protector of Jewish children.
Handing to the Sandek: The baby is handed to the sandek, who holds the baby during the circumcision.
Blessings: The mohel and the father (or parents) recite specific blessings before the circumcision.
Circumcision: The mohel performs the circumcision according to Jewish law.
Naming Ceremony: After the circumcision, a prayer is recited over a cup of wine, and the baby is given his Hebrew name.
Festive Meal: The ceremony is followed by a festive meal (seudah), where special prayers are recited.

4.2 What Are The Blessings Recited During The Bris?

Several blessings are recited during the Bris, each with significant meaning:

Blessing Before the Circumcision: The mohel recites a blessing thanking God for sanctifying the Jewish people with the commandment of circumcision.

Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who hast sanctified us with Thy commandments, and hast given us the command concerning circumcision.
Blessing of the Parents: The father (or parents) recites a blessing thanking God for commanding them to bring their son into the covenant of Abraham.

Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who hast sanctified us with Thy commandments, and hast commanded us to make our sons enter into the covenant of Abraham our father.
Blessing Over Wine: A blessing is recited over a cup of wine, followed by a prayer for the well-being of the baby and the announcement of his Hebrew name.

All present respond: “Even as this child has entered into the covenant, so may he enter into the Torah, the nuptial canopy, and into good deeds.” Sefaria has the Hebrew text of all the circumcision blessings.

4.3 Who Is The Sandek?

The sandek is an honored individual who holds the baby during the circumcision. This role is often given to a grandparent, rabbi, or close family friend. The sandek is considered to have a special spiritual connection to the baby and is seen as a protector during the ceremony.

5. What Are Some Other Bris Traditions?

In addition to the key steps of the Bris ceremony, there are several other customs and traditions associated with the event.

5.1 What Is The Shalom Zachar?

The Shalom Zachar is a festive gathering held on the Friday night before the Bris. Friends and family gather to celebrate the birth of the baby boy and offer blessings for his well-being. It typically involves food, drinks, and joyful conversation.

5.2 What Is The Chair Of Elijah?

A chair is set aside for the prophet Elijah, who is considered a protector of Jewish children. The baby is briefly placed on this chair as a symbolic gesture, invoking Elijah’s presence and blessings.

5.3 What Is The Significance Of Having A Minyan Present?

Having a minyan (a quorum of 10 adult Jews) present at the Bris is considered ideal, as it allows for the recitation of certain prayers and blessings that require a minyan. The presence of a minyan also adds a communal dimension to the ceremony.

6. Are There Equivalent Ceremonies For Girls?

While there is no physical procedure comparable to circumcision for girls, there are ceremonies to celebrate the birth and naming of a baby girl in Jewish tradition.

6.1 What Is A Simchat Bat?

A Simchat Bat (celebration of a daughter) or Brit Banot (daughters’ covenant) is a contemporary ceremony held to welcome a baby girl into the Jewish community. This ceremony often includes blessings, readings, and a naming ceremony.

6.2 How Do Jewish Communities Celebrate The Birth Of A Daughter?

Jewish communities celebrate the birth of a daughter in various ways, including:

Naming Ceremonies: A special ceremony is held in the synagogue or at home to give the baby girl her Hebrew name.
Blessings and Prayers: Special blessings and prayers are recited for the well-being of the baby girl and her family.
Festive Gatherings: Family and friends gather to celebrate the birth of the baby girl with a festive meal and joyful conversation.

Families and communities have also acknowledged and celebrated the arrival of baby girls in many other ways throughout Jewish history, and in different Jewish traditions throughout the world, with a variety of home and synagogue rituals of celebration and naming.

7. Addressing Concerns About Metzitzah B’Peh

Metzitzah B’Peh is a controversial practice in some ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities, involving oral suction of blood from the circumcision wound.

7.1 What Is Metzitzah B’Peh?

Metzitzah B’Peh is the practice of orally suctioning blood from the circumcision wound after the procedure. This practice is rooted in the belief that it aids in healing and prevents infection.

7.2 What Are The Health Risks Associated With This Practice?

This practice has been linked to the transmission of herpes and other illnesses to newborns. Health organizations and medical professionals strongly advise against it due to the potential health risks.

7.3 What Are The Alternatives?

Many mohels use sterilized tubes or gauze as alternatives to oral suction, minimizing the risk of infection while still adhering to the traditional requirement of suction.

8. Is The Bris Painful For The Baby?

The question of pain during the Bris is a common concern for parents.

8.1 What Measures Are Taken To Minimize Pain?

Mohels often take steps to minimize pain during the Bris, including:

Anesthesia: Some mohels use local anesthesia to numb the area before the circumcision.
Sugar Water: Giving the baby sugar water or wine can have a mild sedative effect.
Gentle Technique: Experienced mohels use a gentle and efficient technique to minimize discomfort.

8.2 What Is The Post-Bris Care?

Proper post-Bris care is essential to ensure the wound heals properly and to prevent infection. This includes:

Keeping the Area Clean: Gently clean the area with warm water and mild soap.
Applying Ointment: Apply a protective ointment as directed by the mohel or pediatrician.
Changing Diapers Frequently: Change diapers frequently to keep the area dry and clean.

Learn more about post-circumcision care here.

9. What Food Is Served At A Bris?

The meal served at a Bris, known as the seudah, is a festive occasion with symbolic and customary foods.

9.1 What Are The Requirements For The Bris Meal?

The basic requirements for the Bris meal include:

Wine or Grape Juice: To recite Kiddush, a blessing over wine or grape juice.
Bread: To recite Hamotzi, the blessing over bread.

9.2 What Are Some Popular Food Choices?

Popular food choices for a Bris meal include:

Bagels and Lox: A classic Jewish brunch option.
Kugel: A traditional Ashkenazi Jewish baked pudding.
Stuffed Cabbage: A hearty and flavorful dish.

There are numerous Ashkenazi and Sephardic customary foods that are symbolic or are meant to bring good luck.

10. Is It Necessary To Bring A Gift To A Bris?

Bringing a gift to a Bris is not required but is often appreciated.

10.1 What Are Appropriate Gifts For A Bris?

Appropriate gifts for a Bris include:

Baby Clothes: Practical and always appreciated.
Toys: Age-appropriate toys for the baby.
Books: Jewish-themed books or stories.
Donations: A donation to a Jewish charity in the baby’s name.

Gifts for the baby, such as clothing or a toy, are not required, but are often welcome.

11. Planning A Bris: What Do You Need To Know?

Planning a Bris involves several considerations to ensure the ceremony is meaningful and goes smoothly.

11.1 How To Prepare For A Bris?

Preparing for a Bris involves:

Finding a Mohel: As discussed earlier, selecting a qualified and experienced mohel is crucial.
Choosing a Location: Decide where the Bris will take place (synagogue, home, etc.).
Inviting Guests: Determine who to invite to the ceremony.
Arranging the Meal: Plan the menu for the festive meal.
Preparing the Ceremony: Work with the mohel and rabbi to plan the details of the ceremony, including readings and blessings.

11.2 Key Considerations For The Parents?

Key considerations for the parents include:

Emotional Support: Ensure you have emotional support from family and friends.
Rest: Get as much rest as possible in the days leading up to the Bris.
Post-Ceremony Care: Prepare for the post-ceremony care of the baby.

We recommend you read the following articles on our partner site, Kveller. (And you’ll want to bookmark it for regular use, now that you’re a parent!)Everything You Need To Know About Planning A Bris Do’s and Don’ts for Your Son’s Bris Bris Tips for Moms What Should My Baby Wear To His Bris? Who Should I Invite to a Bris? What Food Should I Serve at a Bris?

12. Alternatives To A Traditional Bris

While the traditional Bris is a deeply ingrained practice in Judaism, some families may consider alternatives or modifications.

12.1 Can Parents Opt Out Of A Bris?

Yes, parents have the option to opt out of a Bris. While circumcision is a significant mitzvah (commandment) in Judaism, the decision ultimately rests with the parents.

12.2 Are There Alternative Ceremonies?

Some families who object to circumcision may choose to have an alternative naming ceremony or welcome ritual that does not involve circumcision. These ceremonies can still be meaningful and incorporate Jewish traditions and blessings.

12.3 What Are The Reasons For Opting Out?

Reasons for opting out of a Bris can vary, including:

Personal Beliefs: Some parents may have personal or ethical objections to circumcision.
Medical Concerns: Concerns about the pain or potential complications of the procedure.
Cultural or Philosophical Reasons: A desire to make a different statement about identity or tradition.

In addition, a small but growing number of Jewish parents object to circumcision itself and are skipping the procedure altogether.

13. Biblical Basis For Circumcision

The command to circumcise is explicitly stated in the Hebrew Bible.

13.1 Where Does The Bible Command Circumcision?

The command to circumcise is found in Genesis 17:10-14, in the portion known as Parashat Lech Lecha. This passage details God’s covenant with Abraham and the requirement for circumcision as a sign of this covenant.

13.2 What Is Parashat Lech Lecha?

Parashat Lech Lecha is the third portion in the annual Torah-reading cycle. It recounts God’s promise to Abraham and the establishment of the covenant.

Find which other sacred texts discuss circumcision.

14. Frequently Asked Questions About Bris

To further clarify the topic, here are some frequently asked questions about the Bris:

Question	Answer
Why is the Bris performed on the eighth day?	The Torah specifies that the Bris should be performed on the eighth day.
Can the Bris be postponed?	Yes, if the baby is not healthy enough, the Bris is postponed until the baby is deemed fit by medical professionals.
Who can be a mohel?	A mohel is a trained and certified individual who is knowledgeable in Jewish law and has medical training to perform the circumcision safely.
What is the role of the sandek?	The sandek is an honored individual who holds the baby during the circumcision.
Is anesthesia used during the Bris?	Some mohels use local anesthesia to minimize pain during the procedure.
What is the significance of the naming ceremony?	The naming ceremony is when the baby is given his Hebrew name, which is considered a significant part of his Jewish identity.
What is the Shalom Zachar?	The Shalom Zachar is a festive gathering held on the Friday night before the Bris to celebrate the birth of the baby boy.
Are there ceremonies for girls similar to the Bris?	Yes, there are ceremonies such as Simchat Bat or Brit Banot to welcome a baby girl into the Jewish community.
What are the potential health risks of Metzitzah B’Peh?	Metzitzah B’Peh has been linked to the transmission of herpes and other illnesses and is generally advised against by health professionals.
Is bringing a gift to a Bris required?	No, bringing a gift is not required, but it is often appreciated.
What should parents consider when planning a Bris?	Parents should consider finding a qualified mohel, choosing a location, inviting guests, arranging the meal, and preparing for the post-ceremony care of the baby.
Can parents opt out of having a Bris for their son?	Yes, parents have the option to opt out of having a Bris, although it is a significant mitzvah in Judaism.
Where in the Bible is the command to circumcise found?	The command to circumcise is found in Genesis 17:10-14, in the portion known as Parashat Lech Lecha.
What are some common foods served at a Bris?	Bagels and lox, kugel, and stuffed cabbage are popular choices for the festive meal following the Bris.
What is the significance of setting a chair for Elijah?	Setting a chair for Elijah is a symbolic gesture, invoking the presence and blessings of the prophet, who is considered a protector of Jewish children.
What post-Bris care is recommended for the baby?	Keeping the area clean, applying ointment, and changing diapers frequently are recommended to ensure proper healing and prevent infection.
What are some alternative naming ceremonies for girls?	Some families may choose to have an alternative naming ceremony or welcome ritual that does not involve circumcision, still incorporating Jewish traditions and blessings.
How can I find a qualified mohel in my area?	Seek recommendations from your rabbi, Jewish community, or friends who have had a Bris for their sons, and verify the mohel’s certification and credentials.
What are the key blessings recited during the Bris?	The blessings include the blessing before the circumcision, the blessing of the parents, and the blessing over wine, each with significant meaning.

Understanding the Bris, its traditions, and its significance can provide valuable insights into Jewish culture and religious practice.

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