A Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree is an undergraduate academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, and WHAT.EDU.VN is here to offer comprehensive insights into this crucial field. A BSN program is designed to equip aspiring nurses with the knowledge, critical-thinking skills, and clinical experience necessary to excel in today’s complex healthcare environment. This guide clarifies the BSN curriculum, career paths, and advancement opportunities, ensuring a clear path to becoming a skilled and confident nursing professional. Explore the depths of healthcare education, career prospects, and advanced nursing roles.
1. What Does A BSN Degree Entail?
A Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is an undergraduate degree program that prepares students for a career as a registered nurse. The BSN program typically covers a broad range of subjects, including:
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Microbiology
- Chemistry
- Nutrition
- Psychology
- Social and behavioral sciences
- Nursing-specific courses
These courses provide a solid foundation in the biological, behavioral, and social sciences, as well as the theoretical and practical aspects of nursing care.
1.1 What Are the Core Competencies Developed in a BSN Program?
BSN programs focus on developing essential competencies that enable nurses to provide high-quality, patient-centered care. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), these competencies include:
- Critical Thinking: Analyzing complex healthcare situations and making informed decisions.
- Communication: Effectively communicating with patients, families, and healthcare teams.
- Leadership: Leading and coordinating care within healthcare settings.
- Technical Skills: Performing essential nursing procedures and using medical equipment.
- Ethical Practice: Adhering to ethical principles and maintaining patient confidentiality.
- Cultural Competence: Providing care that respects the cultural and individual needs of patients.
Graduates of BSN programs are well-prepared to address the evolving challenges in healthcare, ensuring better patient outcomes and contributing to a healthier society.
1.2 What Subjects Are Covered in a Typical BSN Curriculum?
A BSN curriculum is designed to provide a comprehensive education in nursing. The core subjects include:
- Foundations of Nursing: Introduces fundamental nursing concepts and skills.
- Medical-Surgical Nursing: Focuses on the care of adult patients with a variety of medical and surgical conditions.
- Maternal-Newborn Nursing: Covers the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, as well as the care of newborns.
- Pediatric Nursing: Concentrates on the care of infants, children, and adolescents.
- Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Addresses the care of individuals with mental health disorders.
- Community Health Nursing: Emphasizes the delivery of nursing care in community settings, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention.
- Nursing Leadership and Management: Prepares nurses to lead and manage healthcare teams.
- Nursing Research: Introduces the principles of research and evidence-based practice in nursing.
These subjects ensure that BSN graduates have a broad and deep understanding of nursing practice.
2. What Are the Benefits of Obtaining a BSN Degree?
Earning a BSN degree offers numerous advantages for nurses, including enhanced career opportunities, higher earning potential, and improved patient outcomes. Here’s a detailed look at these benefits:
2.1 Enhanced Career Opportunities
A BSN degree opens doors to a wider range of nursing positions and specialties. Employers increasingly prefer or require nurses with a BSN due to their advanced knowledge and skills. BSN-qualified nurses are better positioned for roles in:
- Critical Care: Intensive care units and emergency departments
- Specialty Nursing: Cardiology, oncology, and neonatal care
- Leadership Roles: Nurse manager, supervisor, and director positions
- Public Health: Community health nursing and health education
- Research: Clinical research and academic positions
The comprehensive education provided by a BSN program equips nurses with the expertise needed to excel in these diverse roles.
2.2 Higher Earning Potential
Nurses with a BSN degree typically earn higher salaries compared to those with an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN). According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual salary for registered nurses was $86,070 in 2023.* However, salaries can vary widely based on education, experience, and location. BSN-prepared nurses often command higher salaries due to their advanced education and skills.
2.3 Improved Patient Outcomes
Research consistently demonstrates that nurses with a BSN degree contribute to better patient outcomes. Studies have shown that hospitals with a higher percentage of BSN-prepared nurses experience lower rates of:
- Mortality: Fewer patient deaths
- Complications: Reduced incidence of post-operative infections and other adverse events
- Readmissions: Lower rates of patients returning to the hospital
This is because BSN programs emphasize critical thinking, evidence-based practice, and leadership skills, enabling nurses to provide more effective and comprehensive care.
2.4 Advancement Opportunities
A BSN degree serves as a foundation for further education and career advancement. With a BSN, nurses can pursue graduate degrees such as a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). These advanced degrees open doors to specialized roles such as:
- Nurse Practitioner (NP): Providing primary and specialty care to patients
- Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA): Administering anesthesia for surgical and other medical procedures
- Nurse Midwife (CNM): Providing care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
- Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS): Providing expert care and consultation in a specialized area of nursing
A BSN degree is a strategic investment in a nursing career, offering opportunities for professional growth and personal fulfillment.
3. What Is the Curriculum Like in a BSN Program?
A BSN curriculum is a rigorous and comprehensive educational experience designed to prepare students for the challenges of modern nursing practice. It integrates theoretical knowledge with hands-on clinical experience, ensuring that graduates are well-prepared to provide high-quality care.
3.1 Foundational Courses
BSN programs begin with foundational courses that provide a strong base in the sciences and humanities. These courses typically include:
- Anatomy and Physiology: Study of the structure and function of the human body
- Microbiology: Study of microorganisms and their role in health and disease
- Chemistry: Basic principles of chemistry relevant to healthcare
- Nutrition: Principles of nutrition and their impact on health
- Psychology: Understanding human behavior and mental processes
- Statistics: Basic statistical concepts for analyzing healthcare data
These foundational courses are essential for understanding the more advanced nursing concepts covered later in the program.
3.2 Nursing-Specific Courses
The core of the BSN curriculum consists of nursing-specific courses that cover a wide range of topics, including:
- Fundamentals of Nursing: Basic nursing skills and principles
- Medical-Surgical Nursing: Care of adult patients with medical and surgical conditions
- Maternal-Newborn Nursing: Care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, as well as care of newborns
- Pediatric Nursing: Care of infants, children, and adolescents
- Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: Care of individuals with mental health disorders
- Community Health Nursing: Nursing care in community settings, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention
- Nursing Leadership and Management: Leadership and management principles in nursing
- Nursing Research: Introduction to nursing research and evidence-based practice
These courses provide a comprehensive understanding of nursing practice across various settings and populations.
3.3 Clinical Rotations
Clinical rotations are an integral part of the BSN curriculum. Students gain hands-on experience in a variety of healthcare settings, including:
- Hospitals: Acute care and specialty units
- Clinics: Primary care and specialty clinics
- Long-Term Care Facilities: Nursing homes and rehabilitation centers
- Community Health Agencies: Public health departments and community clinics
During clinical rotations, students work under the supervision of experienced nurses and healthcare professionals, applying their knowledge and skills in real-world situations. These experiences are invaluable for developing clinical judgment, communication skills, and teamwork abilities.
3.4 Simulation Labs
Many BSN programs incorporate simulation labs to provide students with a safe and controlled environment to practice nursing skills. Simulation labs use:
- Manikins: High-fidelity manikins that simulate real patient conditions
- Virtual Reality: Virtual reality simulations of various healthcare scenarios
- Standardized Patients: Actors who simulate patients with specific medical conditions
Simulation labs allow students to practice essential nursing procedures, such as medication administration, wound care, and emergency response, without the risk of harming real patients. These experiences enhance students’ confidence and competence in performing nursing skills.
3.5 Capstone Projects
Many BSN programs require students to complete a capstone project, which is a culminating experience that integrates knowledge and skills learned throughout the program. Capstone projects may involve:
- Research Projects: Conducting original research on a nursing-related topic
- Quality Improvement Projects: Implementing strategies to improve patient care in a healthcare setting
- Evidence-Based Practice Projects: Applying research findings to solve a clinical problem
Capstone projects provide students with an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to think critically, solve problems, and contribute to the nursing profession.
4. What Is the Difference Between an RN and a BSN?
While both Registered Nurses (RNs) and BSN-prepared nurses provide direct patient care, there are key differences in their education, scope of practice, and career opportunities.
4.1 Education
- RN: An RN can obtain licensure through several pathways, including an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a diploma from a hospital-based nursing program. These programs focus primarily on basic nursing skills and clinical practice.
- BSN: A BSN is a four-year bachelor’s degree program that provides a more comprehensive education in nursing theory, research, leadership, and public health.
4.2 Scope of Practice
Both RNs and BSN-prepared nurses perform similar duties, such as:
- Assessing patients’ health status
- Administering medications
- Providing direct patient care
- Educating patients and families
However, BSN-prepared nurses are often better equipped to handle more complex patient care situations due to their advanced education and critical-thinking skills. They are also more likely to be involved in care planning, care coordination, and quality improvement initiatives.
4.3 Career Opportunities
A BSN degree opens doors to a wider range of career opportunities and leadership roles. BSN-prepared nurses are more likely to be hired in:
- Hospitals: Many hospitals prefer or require nurses with a BSN, particularly in specialty units and leadership positions.
- Public Health Agencies: BSN-prepared nurses are well-suited for roles in community health, health education, and disease prevention.
- Research Institutions: BSN-prepared nurses can participate in clinical research and contribute to the advancement of nursing knowledge.
- Management and Leadership: BSN-prepared nurses are often promoted to leadership positions, such as nurse manager, supervisor, and director.
4.4 Salary
BSN-prepared nurses typically earn higher salaries compared to RNs with an ADN. According to the BLS, the median annual salary for registered nurses was $86,070 in 2023.* However, salaries can vary widely based on education, experience, and location.
4.5 Future Trends
The healthcare industry is increasingly emphasizing the importance of BSN education. Many organizations, such as the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine), have called for increasing the proportion of BSN-prepared nurses in the workforce. Some states, such as New York, have even implemented “BSN in 10” laws, requiring nurses to obtain a BSN within 10 years of initial licensure.
5. How Long Does It Take to Earn a BSN Degree?
The time it takes to earn a BSN degree depends on several factors, including the type of program and the student’s prior education and experience.
5.1 Traditional BSN Programs
A traditional BSN program typically takes four years to complete. These programs are designed for students who are entering nursing school directly from high school or with limited college credit. The curriculum includes:
- Foundational Courses: Basic sciences and humanities
- Nursing-Specific Courses: Theoretical and clinical coursework
- Clinical Rotations: Hands-on experience in various healthcare settings
Students in traditional BSN programs typically attend classes full-time and complete clinical rotations throughout the academic year.
5.2 RN to BSN Programs
RN to BSN programs are designed for registered nurses who have an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a diploma from a hospital-based nursing program. These programs allow RNs to earn a BSN degree in a shorter amount of time, typically one to two years. RN to BSN programs:
- Recognize Prior Learning: Award credit for previous nursing education and experience
- Offer Flexible Scheduling: Many programs are offered online, allowing RNs to continue working while pursuing their BSN
- Focus on Advanced Nursing Concepts: Building upon the knowledge and skills gained in ADN or diploma programs
RN to BSN programs are an excellent option for working nurses who want to advance their education and career opportunities.
5.3 Accelerated BSN Programs
Accelerated BSN programs are designed for individuals who have a bachelor’s degree in another field and want to transition to a career in nursing. These programs typically take 12 to 18 months to complete and offer an intensive, fast-paced curriculum. Accelerated BSN programs:
- Build Upon Prior Education: Leverage the knowledge and skills gained in previous bachelor’s degree programs
- Offer a Condensed Curriculum: Covering essential nursing concepts and skills in a shorter amount of time
- Require Full-Time Study: Students typically attend classes and clinical rotations full-time
Accelerated BSN programs are a great option for career changers who are motivated and committed to pursuing a nursing career.
6. What Are the Admission Requirements for a BSN Program?
Admission to a BSN program is competitive, and applicants must meet specific requirements to be considered for admission. These requirements typically include:
6.1 Academic Requirements
- High School Diploma or GED: Proof of completion of high school education
- Minimum GPA: A minimum grade point average (GPA) in high school or college coursework
- Prerequisite Courses: Completion of prerequisite courses, such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, and chemistry
6.2 Standardized Tests
Some BSN programs may require applicants to submit scores from standardized tests, such as:
- SAT or ACT: Scores from the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) or the American College Testing (ACT)
- TEAS: Scores from the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS), which assesses reading, math, science, and English language skills
6.3 Application Materials
Applicants must submit a variety of application materials, including:
- Application Form: A completed application form
- Transcripts: Official transcripts from high school and any colleges attended
- Letters of Recommendation: Letters of recommendation from teachers, counselors, or employers
- Personal Essay: A personal essay outlining the applicant’s interest in nursing and qualifications for the program
6.4 Other Requirements
Some BSN programs may have additional requirements, such as:
- Interview: An interview with faculty members or admissions staff
- Background Check: A criminal background check
- Drug Screening: A drug screening
Applicants should carefully review the admission requirements for each BSN program they are interested in to ensure they meet all criteria.
7. What Career Paths Are Available with a BSN Degree?
A BSN degree opens doors to a wide range of career paths in nursing. BSN-prepared nurses are qualified to work in various healthcare settings and specialties, providing direct patient care, leading healthcare teams, and contributing to the advancement of nursing knowledge.
7.1 Hospital Nursing
Hospital nursing is one of the most common career paths for BSN-prepared nurses. Hospital nurses work in a variety of units, including:
- Medical-Surgical Units: Providing care to adult patients with medical and surgical conditions
- Intensive Care Units (ICUs): Providing critical care to patients with life-threatening conditions
- Emergency Departments (EDs): Providing emergency care to patients with acute illnesses and injuries
- Operating Rooms (ORs): Assisting surgeons during surgical procedures
- Labor and Delivery Units: Providing care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period
- Pediatric Units: Providing care to infants, children, and adolescents
Hospital nurses work as part of a multidisciplinary team, collaborating with physicians, pharmacists, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive patient care.
7.2 Ambulatory Care Nursing
Ambulatory care nurses work in outpatient settings, such as:
- Physician Offices: Providing routine care and managing chronic conditions
- Clinics: Providing primary care and specialty care
- Surgical Centers: Providing pre- and post-operative care to patients undergoing outpatient surgery
- Urgent Care Centers: Providing care to patients with acute illnesses and injuries that do not require emergency department care
Ambulatory care nurses focus on health promotion, disease prevention, and patient education, helping patients manage their health and well-being in the community.
7.3 Public Health Nursing
Public health nurses work in community settings, such as:
- Health Departments: Promoting health and preventing disease in the community
- Schools: Providing health services to students and staff
- Community Clinics: Providing care to underserved populations
- Home Health Agencies: Providing care to patients in their homes
Public health nurses focus on population health, addressing health disparities, and advocating for policies that promote health and well-being.
7.4 Specialty Nursing
BSN-prepared nurses can pursue specialized roles in various areas of nursing, such as:
- Cardiac Nursing: Providing care to patients with heart disease
- Oncology Nursing: Providing care to patients with cancer
- Neonatal Nursing: Providing care to newborns, especially premature or critically ill infants
- Operating Room Nursing: Assisting surgeons during surgical procedures
- Emergency Nursing: Providing care to patients with acute illnesses and injuries
Specialty nurses often obtain certification in their area of expertise, demonstrating their advanced knowledge and skills.
7.5 Leadership and Management
BSN-prepared nurses are well-positioned for leadership and management roles in healthcare. These roles include:
- Nurse Manager: Overseeing the operations of a nursing unit or department
- Nurse Supervisor: Supervising and mentoring nursing staff
- Director of Nursing: Managing nursing services across an entire healthcare organization
Nurse leaders are responsible for ensuring the delivery of high-quality patient care, managing budgets, and leading healthcare teams.
8. What Is an RN to BSN Program?
An RN to BSN program is a bridge program designed for registered nurses (RNs) who hold an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a diploma from a hospital-based nursing program and want to earn a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree.
8.1 Benefits of an RN to BSN Program
- Career Advancement: A BSN degree opens doors to a wider range of career opportunities and leadership roles.
- Higher Earning Potential: BSN-prepared nurses typically earn higher salaries compared to RNs with an ADN.
- Improved Patient Outcomes: Studies have shown that hospitals with a higher percentage of BSN-prepared nurses experience better patient outcomes.
- Personal and Professional Growth: An RN to BSN program enhances critical thinking, leadership, and communication skills, contributing to personal and professional growth.
8.2 Curriculum
RN to BSN programs build upon the knowledge and skills gained in ADN or diploma programs, focusing on advanced nursing concepts, research, leadership, and public health. The curriculum typically includes:
- Leadership and Management: Principles of leadership and management in nursing
- Nursing Research: Introduction to nursing research and evidence-based practice
- Community Health Nursing: Nursing care in community settings, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention
- Informatics: The use of technology and data to improve healthcare
- Ethics: Ethical principles and decision-making in nursing
8.3 Program Length
RN to BSN programs are typically shorter than traditional BSN programs, often taking one to two years to complete. Many programs offer flexible scheduling options, such as online courses, allowing RNs to continue working while pursuing their BSN.
8.4 Admission Requirements
Admission requirements for RN to BSN programs typically include:
- Current RN License: A valid and unencumbered RN license
- Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or Diploma: Proof of completion of an ADN program or a diploma from a hospital-based nursing program
- Minimum GPA: A minimum grade point average (GPA) in previous nursing coursework
- Prerequisite Courses: Completion of prerequisite courses, such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, and chemistry
9. What Is the Cost of a BSN Program?
The cost of a BSN program can vary widely depending on the type of program, the institution, and whether the student attends full-time or part-time.
9.1 Tuition
Tuition is the primary cost of a BSN program. Tuition rates vary depending on the type of institution:
- Public Universities: Public universities typically have lower tuition rates for in-state residents.
- Private Universities: Private universities typically have higher tuition rates, regardless of residency status.
- Online Programs: Online programs may have lower tuition rates compared to traditional on-campus programs.
9.2 Fees
In addition to tuition, students are typically required to pay various fees, such as:
- Application Fees: Fees for applying to the program
- Technology Fees: Fees for accessing online resources and technology
- Activity Fees: Fees for student activities and events
- Health Fees: Fees for access to campus health services
9.3 Books and Supplies
Students must purchase textbooks, uniforms, and other supplies for their BSN program. The cost of books and supplies can range from several hundred to several thousand dollars per year.
9.4 Clinical Costs
Clinical rotations may involve additional costs, such as:
- Transportation: Costs for traveling to and from clinical sites
- Background Checks: Costs for criminal background checks
- Drug Screenings: Costs for drug screenings
- Immunizations: Costs for required immunizations
9.5 Financial Aid
Many students rely on financial aid to help pay for their BSN program. Financial aid options include:
- Federal Student Loans: Loans from the federal government with low interest rates and flexible repayment options
- State Grants: Grants from state governments based on financial need
- Scholarships: Scholarships from universities, private organizations, and foundations
Students should explore all available financial aid options to help make their BSN program more affordable.
10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about BSN Degrees
10.1 What Is the Difference Between a BSN and an ADN?
A BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) is a four-year bachelor’s degree program that provides a comprehensive education in nursing theory, research, leadership, and public health. An ADN (Associate Degree in Nursing) is a two-year associate degree program that focuses primarily on basic nursing skills and clinical practice. BSN-prepared nurses typically have more career opportunities, higher earning potential, and improved patient outcomes compared to ADN-prepared nurses.
10.2 Can I Become an RN Without a BSN?
Yes, you can become an RN (Registered Nurse) without a BSN. You can obtain licensure by completing an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a diploma from a hospital-based nursing program. However, many employers prefer or require nurses with a BSN, and a BSN degree opens doors to a wider range of career opportunities.
10.3 How Long Does It Take to Complete an RN to BSN Program?
An RN to BSN program typically takes one to two years to complete, depending on the program and the student’s prior education and experience. Many programs offer flexible scheduling options, such as online courses, allowing RNs to continue working while pursuing their BSN.
10.4 What Are the Benefits of Earning a BSN?
The benefits of earning a BSN degree include:
- Career Advancement: A BSN degree opens doors to a wider range of career opportunities and leadership roles.
- Higher Earning Potential: BSN-prepared nurses typically earn higher salaries compared to RNs with an ADN.
- Improved Patient Outcomes: Studies have shown that hospitals with a higher percentage of BSN-prepared nurses experience better patient outcomes.
- Personal and Professional Growth: A BSN program enhances critical thinking, leadership, and communication skills, contributing to personal and professional growth.
10.5 What Are the Admission Requirements for a BSN Program?
Admission requirements for a BSN program typically include:
- High School Diploma or GED: Proof of completion of high school education
- Minimum GPA: A minimum grade point average (GPA) in high school or college coursework
- Prerequisite Courses: Completion of prerequisite courses, such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, and chemistry
- Standardized Tests: Scores from the SAT, ACT, or TEAS (in some cases)
- Application Materials: A completed application form, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a personal essay
10.6 What Career Paths Are Available with a BSN Degree?
A BSN degree opens doors to a wide range of career paths in nursing, including:
- Hospital Nursing: Providing care to patients in various hospital units
- Ambulatory Care Nursing: Providing care to patients in outpatient settings
- Public Health Nursing: Promoting health and preventing disease in community settings
- Specialty Nursing: Providing specialized care in areas such as cardiac nursing, oncology nursing, and neonatal nursing
- Leadership and Management: Overseeing nursing units and departments
10.7 How Much Does a BSN Program Cost?
The cost of a BSN program can vary widely depending on the type of program, the institution, and whether the student attends full-time or part-time. Tuition rates at public universities are generally lower than those at private universities. Financial aid options, such as federal student loans, state grants, and scholarships, can help make a BSN program more affordable.
10.8 Is an Online BSN Program a Good Option?
Yes, an online BSN program can be a good option for students who need flexibility in their scheduling. Online programs allow students to complete coursework and clinical rotations at their own pace, making it easier to balance their studies with work and family responsibilities.
10.9 What Skills Will I Learn in a BSN Program?
In a BSN program, you will learn a variety of skills, including:
- Clinical Skills: Performing essential nursing procedures, such as medication administration, wound care, and patient assessment
- Critical Thinking Skills: Analyzing complex healthcare situations and making informed decisions
- Communication Skills: Effectively communicating with patients, families, and healthcare teams
- Leadership Skills: Leading and coordinating care within healthcare settings
- Ethical Skills: Adhering to ethical principles and maintaining patient confidentiality
10.10 How Can I Prepare for a BSN Program?
To prepare for a BSN program, you can:
- Take Prerequisite Courses: Complete prerequisite courses in anatomy and physiology, microbiology, and chemistry
- Gain Healthcare Experience: Volunteer or work in a healthcare setting to gain exposure to the nursing profession
- Improve Your Study Skills: Develop effective study habits and time management skills
- Research BSN Programs: Research different BSN programs and find one that fits your needs and goals
A BSN degree is a valuable investment in a nursing career, offering numerous opportunities for professional growth and personal fulfillment.
Earning a BSN can significantly enhance your career prospects and earning potential. Whether you’re a high school graduate, a current RN looking to advance your education, or someone considering a career change, WHAT.EDU.VN provides the resources and guidance you need to make informed decisions about your future in nursing.
Navigating the path to a BSN degree can feel overwhelming, but WHAT.EDU.VN is here to simplify the process. If you have any questions or need further clarification on any aspect of a BSN program, don’t hesitate to ask. Our team is dedicated to providing you with the answers you need to succeed.
Have more questions? Visit WHAT.EDU.VN to ask your questions and get free answers from our experts!
Contact us:
Address: 888 Question City Plaza, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
WhatsApp: +1 (206) 555-7890
Website: what.edu.vn
*Cited job growth projections may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions and do not guarantee actual job growth. Actual salaries and/or earning potential may be the result of a combination of factors including, but not limited to: years of experience, industry of employment, geographic location, and worker skill.
