A catheter is a medical device, essentially a thin, flexible tube, that is inserted into the body to drain fluids or inject them. Most commonly, a catheter is used to drain urine from the bladder when a person is unable to do so naturally. This simple tube can provide significant relief and prevent complications related to urine retention.
Why Are Catheters Used?
Catheters are used in a variety of medical situations. They are often necessary when someone experiences urinary retention, a condition where the bladder doesn’t empty completely or at all. This can occur for several reasons, including:
- Post-surgery bladder rest: Following surgeries, particularly those involving the bladder, bowel, or urinary tract, a catheter allows the bladder to rest and heal without the pressure of urine accumulation.
- Urinary retention: Catheters are crucial for managing urinary retention caused by various conditions. This can be temporary, such as after anesthesia, or chronic due to underlying health issues.
- Neurological conditions: Conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and complications from diabetes can disrupt the nerve signals between the brain and bladder. This can lead to bladder dysfunction and necessitate catheter use.
- Enlarged prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia – BPH): In men, an enlarged prostate can obstruct the urethra, making urination difficult. A catheter can bypass this blockage and allow urine to drain.
- Incontinence management: In cases of severe urinary incontinence where other management methods are insufficient, a catheter can be used to manage urine flow and maintain hygiene.
- Accurate urine output monitoring: In hospital settings, especially in intensive care, catheters are used to precisely monitor urine output, which is a vital sign reflecting kidney function and overall fluid balance.
- Delivery of medication: Catheters can also be used to deliver medications directly into the bladder for targeted treatment of conditions like bladder cancer.
If you are unsure about why you need a catheter or how it works, it’s important to discuss your concerns with your doctor or nurse. They can provide personalized explanations and address any questions you may have.
Types of Catheters
There are several types of catheters, each designed for different needs and durations of use:
Intermittent Catheters (Self-Catheterization)
Self-intermittent catheterisation involves inserting a catheter multiple times a day to drain the bladder, and then removing it immediately after. This type is often used by individuals who can be taught to perform the procedure themselves at home. It is a clean, non-sterile technique when done at home, minimizing infection risk.
Indwelling Catheters (Urinary and Suprapubic)
Urinary and suprapubic catheters are designed to remain in place for longer periods.
- Urinary Catheters (Urethral Catheters): These are inserted through the urethra into the bladder.
- Suprapubic Catheters: These are surgically inserted through a small incision in the abdomen directly into the bladder.
Indwelling catheters can be used for short-term needs (days or weeks) or for long-term bladder management. The drainage system for indwelling catheters can vary:
- Leg Bag and Night Bag: A smaller leg bag is worn during the day for continuous drainage, and a larger drainage bag or bottle is connected at night for increased capacity.
- Catheter Valve: A valve can be attached to the catheter, allowing the bladder to fill and be drained every 2-3 hours, mimicking a more natural bladder function. A drainage bag can still be connected at night if needed.
Don’t hesitate to ask your nurse any questions you have about your catheter and the drainage system being used. Understanding your equipment is key to managing it effectively.
Latex Allergy and Catheters
It is crucial to inform your doctor or nurse if you have a latex allergy. Latex is a type of rubber found in many medical products, including some catheters. Reactions to latex can range from mild skin irritation to severe allergic reactions.
Catheters are available in both latex and non-latex materials like silicone. If you have a latex allergy, a non-latex catheter will be used to ensure your safety and prevent allergic reactions.
Acknowledgements Royal Perth Hospital
This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.
