The pancreas, a vital organ located in your abdomen, plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation; understanding “What Is The Pancreas” is key to grasping overall health; WHAT.EDU.VN provides accessible information to help you learn about this important gland; explore pancreatic function, related conditions, and maintaining its health, including understanding pancreatic enzymes, insulin production, and related pancreatic diseases for comprehensive well-being.
Table of Contents
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What Are The Main Functions of The Pancreas?
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What Are The Key Components of The Pancreas?
4.1 Exocrine Cells
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What Are Common Pancreatic Diseases and Conditions?
5.1 Pancreatitis
5.3 Cystic Fibrosis
5.4 Diabetes
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How Is The Pancreas Diagnosed?
6.1 Imaging Tests
6.2 Blood Tests
6.3 Biopsy
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How Can You Keep Your Pancreas Healthy?
7.1 Balanced Diet
7.4 Stay Hydrated
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What Is The Role of The Pancreas In Diabetes?
8.1 Type 1 Diabetes
8.2 Type 2 Diabetes
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What Is The Difference Between Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of The Pancreas?
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What Is The Function of Insulin and Glucagon?
12.1 Insulin
12.2 Glucagon
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What Is The Relationship Between The Pancreas and The Liver?
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How Is Pancreatic Cancer Treated?
17.1 Surgery
17.2 Chemotherapy
17.3 Radiation Therapy
17.4 Targeted Therapy
17.5 Immunotherapy
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What Is An Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and How Is It Used For The Pancreas?
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What Is The Link Between The Pancreas and Autoimmune Diseases?
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What Are The Latest Research and Advances In Pancreatic Diseases?
1. What Is The Pancreas and What Does It Do?
The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen that is responsible for two critical functions: digestion and blood sugar regulation; as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, it produces enzymes to break down food and hormones like insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels; maintaining a healthy pancreas is essential for overall well-being; for those seeking answers to health-related questions, WHAT.EDU.VN offers a platform to ask questions and receive reliable information.
2. Where Is The Pancreas Located?
The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper abdomen; it is nestled between the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, and gallbladder; specifically, the head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen, connected to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), while the tail extends to the left, near the spleen.
3. What Are The Main Functions of The Pancreas?
The pancreas has two primary functions: exocrine and endocrine; the exocrine function aids in digestion, while the endocrine function regulates blood sugar levels; both functions are vital for maintaining overall health and homeostasis; understanding these roles is key to appreciating the pancreas’s significance.
3.1 Exocrine Function: Digestion
The exocrine function of the pancreas involves producing enzymes that help digest food; these enzymes are released into the small intestine to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; without these enzymes, the body would struggle to absorb essential nutrients; pancreatic juice, containing these enzymes, is crucial for proper digestion.
3.2 Endocrine Function: Blood Sugar Regulation
The endocrine function of the pancreas centers on producing hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon, that regulate blood sugar levels; insulin lowers blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar by signaling the liver to release stored glucose; this balance is essential for preventing diabetes and maintaining stable energy levels; islet cells within the pancreas are responsible for this hormone production.
4. What Are The Key Components of The Pancreas?
The pancreas consists of two main types of cells: exocrine cells and endocrine cells (Islets of Langerhans); each type plays a distinct role in the pancreas’s overall function, contributing to both digestion and hormone regulation.
4.1 Exocrine Cells
Exocrine cells produce and secrete digestive enzymes; these cells form the majority of the pancreas and are organized into clusters called acini; the enzymes they produce are essential for breaking down food in the small intestine.
4.2 Endocrine Cells (Islets of Langerhans)
Endocrine cells, found in clusters called Islets of Langerhans, produce hormones that regulate blood sugar; the main types of cells within the islets are alpha cells (producing glucagon) and beta cells (producing insulin); these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream to maintain glucose homeostasis.
5. What Are Common Pancreatic Diseases and Conditions?
Several diseases and conditions can affect the pancreas, including pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes; each condition has unique characteristics and impacts on pancreatic function; early diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes.
5.1 Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term); it is often caused by gallstones, alcohol abuse, or certain medications; symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; treatment may involve hospitalization, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause; according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), chronic pancreatitis can lead to permanent damage and impaired function of the pancreas.
5.2 Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor that forms in the pancreas; it is often diagnosed late, as symptoms are vague and nonspecific; risk factors include smoking, obesity, diabetes, and a family history of pancreatic cancer; treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy; early detection and intervention are critical for improving survival rates.
5.3 Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, including the pancreas; it causes thick mucus to build up, blocking ducts and preventing enzymes from reaching the small intestine; this can lead to malabsorption and malnutrition; treatment involves enzyme replacement therapy and managing respiratory complications.
5.4 Diabetes
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels; the pancreas plays a key role in regulating blood sugar through insulin and glucagon; in type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, while in type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin; both types require careful management through diet, exercise, and medication.
6. How Is The Pancreas Diagnosed?
Diagnosing pancreatic conditions often involves a combination of imaging tests, blood tests, and biopsies; these methods help healthcare professionals assess the structure and function of the pancreas; accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment planning.
6.1 Imaging Tests
Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) can provide detailed images of the pancreas; these tests help detect abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation; EUS involves inserting a thin tube with an ultrasound probe into the esophagus to visualize the pancreas closely.
6.2 Blood Tests
Blood tests can measure levels of pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase) and hormones (insulin and glucagon); elevated enzyme levels may indicate pancreatitis, while abnormal hormone levels can suggest diabetes or other endocrine disorders; blood tests are a crucial part of the diagnostic process.
6.3 Biopsy
A biopsy involves taking a small tissue sample from the pancreas for microscopic examination; this is often done to diagnose pancreatic cancer or other conditions; biopsies can be performed during an EUS or through a surgical procedure; the sample is then analyzed by a pathologist to determine the presence of abnormal cells.
7. How Can You Keep Your Pancreas Healthy?
Maintaining a healthy pancreas involves adopting a balanced lifestyle with a focus on diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful substances; these practices can help prevent pancreatic diseases and promote overall well-being.
7.1 Balanced Diet
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support pancreatic health; avoid high-fat and processed foods, which can strain the pancreas; focus on lean proteins and healthy fats to provide essential nutrients without overworking the digestive system; according to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, a diet high in processed meats and red meat is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
7.2 Avoid Alcohol and Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking are major risk factors for pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer; limiting or avoiding these substances can significantly reduce your risk of developing these conditions; both alcohol and tobacco can damage pancreatic cells and impair their function.
7.3 Maintain a Healthy Weight
Obesity is linked to an increased risk of pancreatic diseases, including pancreatic cancer and type 2 diabetes; maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help protect your pancreas; according to the World Health Organization (WHO), maintaining a healthy BMI (Body Mass Index) is crucial for preventing various health complications, including pancreatic issues.
7.4 Stay Hydrated
Drinking plenty of water helps keep the pancreas functioning smoothly; dehydration can lead to thicker pancreatic secretions, potentially causing blockages and inflammation; aim for at least eight glasses of water per day to support optimal pancreatic health.
8. What Is The Role of The Pancreas In Diabetes?
The pancreas plays a central role in diabetes by producing insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels; in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the pancreas’s ability to control blood glucose is compromised.
8.1 Type 1 Diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas; as a result, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels; people with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy to survive; according to the American Diabetes Association, type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
8.2 Type 2 Diabetes
In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin, and the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance; over time, the pancreas may become exhausted and produce less insulin; lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, can help manage type 2 diabetes, but medication or insulin therapy may also be necessary; research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and family history.
9. What Is The Difference Between Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of The Pancreas?
The exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas are distinct but equally important; the exocrine function involves producing digestive enzymes, while the endocrine function involves producing hormones that regulate blood sugar; these functions are carried out by different types of cells within the pancreas.
| Feature | Exocrine Function | Endocrine Function |
|---|---|---|
| Cells Involved | Acinar cells | Islet cells (alpha and beta cells) |
| Products | Digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) | Hormones (insulin and glucagon) |
| Destination | Small intestine via pancreatic duct | Bloodstream |
| Function | Digestion of food | Regulation of blood sugar levels |
| Control Mechanism | Nervous and hormonal signals from the digestive tract | Blood glucose levels |
10. What Are Pancreatic Enzymes and What Do They Do?
Pancreatic enzymes are essential for digesting food in the small intestine; they break down complex molecules into smaller, absorbable units, allowing the body to absorb nutrients; without these enzymes, the body would struggle to digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
10.1 Types of Pancreatic Enzymes
The main types of pancreatic enzymes include:
- Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
- Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
- Protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin): Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
These enzymes are produced by exocrine cells in the pancreas and released into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct; their activity is crucial for efficient digestion and nutrient absorption.
11. How Does The Pancreas Regulate Blood Sugar?
The pancreas regulates blood sugar through the action of two key hormones: insulin and glucagon; these hormones work in tandem to maintain a stable blood glucose level, preventing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
When blood sugar levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin; insulin helps glucose enter cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for later use; this lowers blood sugar levels and prevents hyperglycemia; conversely, when blood sugar levels drop too low, the pancreas releases glucagon; glucagon signals the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels and preventing hypoglycemia; this balance is crucial for maintaining stable energy levels and preventing diabetes.
12. What Is The Function of Insulin and Glucagon?
Insulin and glucagon are the two primary hormones produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels; they have opposing effects, working together to maintain glucose homeostasis.
12.1 Insulin
Insulin is produced by beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans; its main function is to lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells; insulin also promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles; it inhibits the breakdown of fats and proteins, promoting overall energy storage; without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells effectively, leading to high blood sugar levels and diabetes.
12.2 Glucagon
Glucagon is produced by alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans; its primary function is to raise blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose; glucagon also promotes the breakdown of fats and proteins to provide alternative energy sources; it opposes the effects of insulin, ensuring that blood sugar levels do not drop too low; glucagon is essential for maintaining energy levels during fasting or exercise.
13. What Is The Relationship Between The Pancreas and The Liver?
The pancreas and the liver work closely together to regulate digestion and blood sugar levels; the liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion of fats, while the pancreas produces enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; both bile and pancreatic enzymes are released into the small intestine to facilitate digestion; additionally, the liver plays a key role in regulating blood sugar by storing and releasing glucose under the influence of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas; this coordination is crucial for maintaining overall metabolic health.
14. What Is The Significance of The Ampulla of Vater?
The ampulla of Vater is a small opening in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct converge; it is the site where bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas enter the small intestine to aid in digestion; the ampulla of Vater is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi, a muscular valve that regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes; any obstruction or dysfunction in this area can lead to digestive problems and pancreatitis.
15. What Is The Role of The Pancreas In Cystic Fibrosis?
In cystic fibrosis, the pancreas is often affected by thick mucus that blocks the pancreatic ducts; this prevents pancreatic enzymes from reaching the small intestine, leading to malabsorption and malnutrition; as a result, people with cystic fibrosis often require enzyme replacement therapy to aid in digestion; the chronic inflammation and blockage can also lead to pancreatic damage and fibrosis; according to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, pancreatic insufficiency affects approximately 85-90% of people with cystic fibrosis.
16. What Is Pancreatic Enzyme Insufficiency (PEI)?
Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency (PEI) is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough enzymes to properly digest food; this can lead to malabsorption, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea; PEI can be caused by various factors, including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, and surgical removal of part of the pancreas; treatment typically involves enzyme replacement therapy, which provides the necessary enzymes to aid in digestion.
17. How Is Pancreatic Cancer Treated?
Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health; common treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
17.1 Surgery
Surgery is often the primary treatment for pancreatic cancer if the tumor is localized and has not spread to other organs; the Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) is a common surgical option that involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and part of the bile duct; other surgical options include distal pancreatectomy (removing the tail of the pancreas) and total pancreatectomy (removing the entire pancreas); surgery aims to remove the tumor and prevent it from spreading.
17.2 Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells; it is often used after surgery to prevent the cancer from recurring or to treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body; chemotherapy can also be used before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove; common chemotherapy drugs for pancreatic cancer include gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
17.3 Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells; it is often used in combination with chemotherapy to treat pancreatic cancer; radiation therapy can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy); it is used to shrink tumors, relieve symptoms, and prevent cancer from recurring.
17.4 Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy involves using drugs that target specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer cell growth; these drugs can be more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy; examples of targeted therapy drugs for pancreatic cancer include erlotinib and olaparib; targeted therapy is often used for advanced pancreatic cancer.
17.5 Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy involves using drugs that help the body’s immune system fight cancer; these drugs can boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and kill cancer cells; immunotherapy is a newer treatment option for pancreatic cancer and is being studied in clinical trials; examples of immunotherapy drugs include pembrolizumab and nivolumab.
18. What Are The Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer?
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer can be vague and nonspecific, especially in the early stages; this often leads to late diagnosis, making treatment more challenging; common symptoms include:
- Abdominal pain
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Dark urine
- Light-colored stools
- Fatigue
- New onset of diabetes or difficulty controlling existing diabetes
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare professional for evaluation; early detection and diagnosis are crucial for improving outcomes in pancreatic cancer.
19. What Are The Risk Factors For Pancreatic Cancer?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer; these include:
- Smoking: Smoking is the most significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk.
- Diabetes: Having diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is a risk factor.
- Chronic pancreatitis: Long-term inflammation of the pancreas increases the risk.
- Family history: Having a family history of pancreatic cancer increases the risk.
- Age: The risk increases with age, with most cases occurring after age 65.
- Race: African Americans have a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than other races.
- Diet: A diet high in processed meats and red meat may increase the risk.
- Alcohol: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk.
- Genetic syndromes: Certain genetic syndromes, such as BRCA2 mutations, increase the risk.
Reducing modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and a poor diet, can help lower the risk of pancreatic cancer.
20. What Is An Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and How Is It Used For The Pancreas?
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive procedure used to visualize the pancreas and surrounding tissues; it involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with an ultrasound probe into the esophagus and stomach; the probe emits sound waves that create detailed images of the pancreas; EUS is used to detect tumors, cysts, and other abnormalities in the pancreas; it can also be used to obtain tissue samples (biopsies) for diagnosis; EUS is a valuable tool for diagnosing and staging pancreatic cancer and other pancreatic conditions.
21. What Is A Pancreatic Pseudocyst?
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms near the pancreas; it is often a complication of pancreatitis, where pancreatic enzymes leak out and cause inflammation; pseudocysts are not true cysts because they are not lined with epithelial cells; they can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; small pseudocysts may resolve on their own, but larger pseudocysts may require drainage; drainage can be performed endoscopically, percutaneously (through the skin), or surgically.
22. What Is The Whipple Procedure?
The Whipple procedure, also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, is a complex surgical operation used to treat pancreatic cancer and other conditions affecting the head of the pancreas, duodenum, or bile duct; it involves removing the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine (duodenum), the gallbladder, and part of the bile duct; the remaining pancreas, bile duct, and small intestine are then reconnected to allow for digestion; the Whipple procedure is a major surgery with potential complications, but it can be life-saving for people with pancreatic cancer; it is typically performed by experienced surgeons in specialized centers.
23. What Is The Link Between The Pancreas and Autoimmune Diseases?
Autoimmune diseases can affect the pancreas, leading to conditions such as autoimmune pancreatitis and type 1 diabetes; in autoimmune pancreatitis, the immune system attacks the pancreas, causing inflammation and damage; this can lead to pancreatic enzyme insufficiency and diabetes; in type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas; autoimmune diseases affecting the pancreas require careful management with immunosuppressant drugs and other therapies.
24. What Lifestyle Changes Can Improve Pancreatic Health?
Several lifestyle changes can help improve pancreatic health and reduce the risk of pancreatic diseases; these include:
- Quit smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.
- Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to pancreatitis.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity increases the risk of pancreatic cancer and diabetes.
- Eat a balanced diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support pancreatic health.
- Avoid high-fat and processed foods: These foods can strain the pancreas.
- Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps keep the pancreas functioning smoothly.
- Manage diabetes: Properly managing diabetes can reduce the risk of pancreatic complications.
Adopting these lifestyle changes can help protect your pancreas and promote overall health.
25. What Are The Latest Research and Advances In Pancreatic Diseases?
Research into pancreatic diseases is ongoing, with advances being made in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention; some of the latest areas of research include:
- Early detection methods: Developing better ways to detect pancreatic cancer early, such as liquid biopsies and biomarkers.
- Targeted therapies: Developing drugs that target specific molecules or pathways involved in pancreatic cancer growth.
- Immunotherapy: Using immunotherapy to boost the body’s immune system to fight pancreatic cancer.
- Personalized medicine: Tailoring treatment to the individual based on their genetic makeup and tumor characteristics.
- Improved surgical techniques: Developing less invasive surgical techniques to remove pancreatic tumors.
- Better understanding of risk factors: Identifying new risk factors for pancreatic cancer and developing strategies for prevention.
These advances offer hope for improving outcomes for people with pancreatic diseases; for the latest information, consult medical journals and credible health websites.
26. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the early signs of pancreatic cancer? | Early signs are often vague and may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice; see a doctor if you experience these symptoms. |
| Can pancreatitis lead to pancreatic cancer? | Chronic pancreatitis can increase the risk of pancreatic cancer over time; managing pancreatitis is important for reducing this risk. |
| What foods are good for pancreatic health? | A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is good; avoid high-fat and processed foods. |
| How is diabetes related to the pancreas? | The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar; in diabetes, this function is impaired. |
| Is there a cure for pancreatic cancer? | There is no definitive cure, but treatment options like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation can help manage and control the disease. |
| What is enzyme replacement therapy? | It involves taking pancreatic enzyme supplements to help digest food when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough enzymes on its own. |
| How often should I get screened for pancreatic cancer? | Screening is not routinely recommended unless you have a high risk due to family history or genetic syndromes; consult your doctor for advice. |
| What is the role of genetics in pancreatic cancer? | Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk; genetic testing may be recommended if you have a family history of the disease. |
| Can stress affect the pancreas? | While stress itself doesn’t directly damage the pancreas, managing stress is important for overall health and well-being. |
| What are the long-term effects of pancreatitis? | Long-term effects can include chronic pain, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and an increased risk of diabetes and pancreatic cancer. |
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