What Is Dow Jones Index? A Comprehensive Guide

The Dow Jones Index, particularly the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), is a price-weighted index that tracks 30 prominent blue-chip companies in the U.S., serving as a key indicator of market trends and economic health. This article provides a detailed exploration of the Dow Jones, offering insights into its composition, calculation, historical significance, and limitations, ensuring you grasp its importance in the financial world. Need quick and reliable answers to your questions? Visit WHAT.EDU.VN for free, expert insights. Explore related concepts such as stock market indices, financial analysis, and investment strategies.

1. What Is the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a stock market index that measures the performance of 30 large, publicly owned blue-chip companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq. Often referred to as simply “the Dow,” it’s a widely recognized barometer of the U.S. economy.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) serves as a crucial indicator, reflecting the overall health and performance of the U.S. stock market and economy. Do you have more questions about the Dow or other financial topics? Get free answers at WHAT.EDU.VN.

2. Who Created the Dow Jones Industrial Average?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average was created by Charles Dow in 1896, along with his business partner Edward Jones. Charles Dow aimed to create an index that would serve as a proxy for the broader U.S. economy.

Charles Dow created this index to understand market trends and economic performance, and it remains a key benchmark today. Unsure about something? Ask your questions for free on WHAT.EDU.VN.

3. What Is the Significance of the Term “Dow 30”?

“Dow 30” is another name for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, emphasizing that the index comprises 30 of the largest and most influential publicly traded companies in the United States. These companies are leaders in their respective industries.

The Dow 30 represents a curated selection of top-tier companies, offering a snapshot of economic vitality. Curious about other financial terms? Get clear explanations for free at WHAT.EDU.VN.

4. How Does the Dow Jones Industrial Average Reflect the U.S. Economy?

The DJIA is considered a gauge of the broader U.S. economy because it tracks the performance of 30 large, established companies across various sectors. These companies are significant contributors to the nation’s economic activity, and their stock performance often mirrors overall economic trends.

The DJIA’s movements are often seen as indicative of economic expansion or contraction. Have more questions about the U.S. economy? Get free answers and expert insights at WHAT.EDU.VN.

5. What Are the Key Takeaways About the Dow Jones Industrial Average?

Here are the key takeaways about the Dow Jones Industrial Average:

It is a widely-watched benchmark index for blue-chip stocks in the U.S.
It is a price-weighted index that tracks 30 large, publicly owned companies.
It was created in 1896 to serve as a proxy for the broader U.S. economy.
Its composition can change over time based on economic trends.
The Dow Divisor is a constant created to address the simple average issue.

Understanding these points is crucial for anyone following the stock market and economic trends. For more information, ask your questions for free at WHAT.EDU.VN.

6. How Does the Dow Jones Industrial Average Work?

Understanding how the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) works involves looking at its components, calculation method, and the Dow Divisor. Here’s a detailed explanation:

6.1. Components of the DJIA

The DJIA consists of 30 large, publicly traded companies, often referred to as blue-chip stocks. These companies span various sectors of the U.S. economy, excluding utilities and transportation. The selection of these companies is determined by a committee at S&P Dow Jones Indices, ensuring representation of key industries.

6.2. Calculation Method

The DJIA is a price-weighted index. This means that the index’s value is calculated by summing the prices of the 30 component stocks and dividing by a figure called the Dow Divisor. Unlike market-cap-weighted indices like the S&P 500, the DJIA gives greater influence to companies with higher stock prices, regardless of their market capitalization.

The formula for calculating the DJIA is:

DJIA = (Sum of Stock Prices) / Dow Divisor

6.3. The Dow Divisor

The Dow Divisor is a critical element in the DJIA’s calculation. It’s a number that adjusts for stock splits, dividends, and other corporate actions that could affect the index’s value. Without the Dow Divisor, these events would cause artificial changes in the index, making it difficult to compare values over time.

The Dow Divisor ensures that the DJIA remains consistent and accurately reflects the overall market trend. As of 2024, the Dow Divisor was approximately 0.152.

6.4. Example of Calculation

To illustrate, let’s assume a simplified DJIA with just three stocks:

Company A: $100 per share
Company B: $200 per share
Company C: $300 per share

If the Dow Divisor is 10, the DJIA would be:

DJIA = ($100 + $200 + $300) / 10 = $60

If Company A undergoes a 2-for-1 stock split, its price becomes $50. To keep the DJIA consistent, the Dow Divisor is adjusted so that the index value remains the same before and after the split.

6.5. Importance of Price Weighting

The price-weighting methodology means that a $1 change in a higher-priced stock has a greater impact on the DJIA than a $1 change in a lower-priced stock. This is a significant difference from market-cap-weighted indices, where larger companies have a greater influence.

6.6. Limitations of the DJIA

Despite its widespread use, the DJIA has limitations:

Limited Representation: With only 30 stocks, it doesn’t provide a comprehensive view of the entire market.
Price-Weighted: The price-weighting methodology can distort the index, giving undue influence to high-priced stocks.
Exclusion of Sectors: The DJIA excludes key sectors like utilities and transportation, which are important parts of the economy.

6.7. Tracking the DJIA

Investors can track the DJIA through various financial websites, news outlets, and brokerage platforms. Many also invest in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that replicate the DJIA’s performance, such as the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA).

Understanding the mechanics of the DJIA provides valuable insights into market dynamics. For more detailed information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

7. What Is the History of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has a rich history, dating back to its creation in 1896. Understanding its historical milestones provides context for its current role in the financial world.

7.1. Early Years (1896-1900s)

1896: Charles Dow created the DJIA with 12 companies, primarily in the industrial sector, including railroads, cotton, gas, sugar, tobacco, and oil.
Early 1900s: The DJIA served as a benchmark for the industrial sector’s performance, reflecting the overall economic growth rate.

7.2. Expansion and Evolution (1900s-1920s)

1928: The index grew to 30 components, solidifying its role as a key market indicator.
1932: The first large-scale change occurred when eight stocks in the Dow were replaced.

7.3. The Great Depression and World War II (1930s-1940s)

1930s: The Great Depression brought significant volatility to the DJIA.
March 15, 1933: The largest one-day percentage gain occurred during the bear market, totaling 15.34%.
1940s: World War II influenced market performance, with the DJIA experiencing fluctuations.

7.4. Post-War Growth and Economic Shifts (1950s-1990s)

1950s-1960s: The DJIA reflected post-war economic expansion and industrial growth.
1970s: Economic challenges, including inflation and oil crises, impacted the DJIA’s performance.
Oct. 19, 1987: Black Monday marked the largest one-day percentage drop, with the index falling 22.61%.
1991: U.S. Steel was removed from the index and replaced by Martin Marietta, reflecting economic changes.

7.5. The Dot-Com Era and Early 2000s

March 1999: The DJIA topped 10,000 for the first time.
January 2000: The DJIA hit 11,750 before falling to below 7,200 in October 2002 after the dot-com crash.
Sept. 17, 2001: The fourth-largest one-day point drop occurred on the first day of trading following the 9/11 attacks.

7.6. The 21st Century and Recent Milestones

May 3, 2013: The Dow surpassed the 15,000 mark for the first time.
Jan. 25, 2017: The Dow closed above 20,000 points for the first time.
Jan. 4, 2018: The index closed at 25,075.13—the first close above 25,000 points.
Feb. 5, 2018: The Dow fell a record 1,175.21 points.
Dec. 26, 2018: The Dow recorded its largest one-day point gain of 1,086.25.
July 11, 2019: The Dow broke 27,000 for the first time in its history.
Feb. 12, 2020: The Dow hit its pre-pandemic high of 29,551.
March 2020: The Dow Jones crashed with back-to-back record down days amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nov. 24, 2020: The Dow broke the 30,000 level for the first time, closing at 30,045.84.
July 2021: The Dow traded above 35,000 for the first time and closed above 35,000 on July 23, 2021.
Nov. 2021: The Dow traded above 36,000 for the first time.
Jan. 4, 2022: The Dow hit 36,799.65, then an all-time high.
May 16, 2024: The Dow surpassed 40,000 for the first time.

7.7. Impact of Economic Events

Throughout its history, the DJIA has been influenced by numerous economic events, including:

Economic recessions and expansions: The DJIA reflects periods of economic growth and downturn.
Geopolitical events: Wars, political instability, and global events impact market sentiment and the DJIA.
Technological advancements: Innovations and technological changes drive shifts in the DJIA’s composition.

7.8. The Dow as a Bellwether

Over time, the DJIA has become a bellwether of the U.S. economy, reflecting economic changes and trends. It continues to evolve, with companies being replaced when they no longer meet the index’s listing criteria.

Understanding the historical context of the DJIA provides valuable insights into its significance and role in the financial world. For more information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

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The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has a rich history, reflecting economic changes and trends since its creation in 1896.

8. What Are the Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is composed of 30 large, publicly traded companies, often referred to as blue-chip stocks. These companies are leaders in their respective industries and represent a diverse range of sectors within the U.S. economy.

8.1. Criteria for Inclusion

The components of the DJIA are selected by a committee at S&P Dow Jones Indices. The committee considers several factors when determining which companies to include, such as:

Company Reputation: Companies must have an excellent reputation and demonstrate sustained growth.
Financial Stability: They should be financially stable and profitable.
Industry Representation: The committee aims to include companies that represent a broad range of industries within the U.S. economy, excluding utilities and transportation.
Relevance: Companies must be relevant to the current U.S. economy.

8.2. Sector Representation

The DJIA includes companies from various sectors, such as:

Technology: Companies like Apple (AAPL), Microsoft (MSFT), and Intel (INTC) represent the technology sector.
Finance: Financial institutions like JPMorgan Chase (JPM) and Goldman Sachs (GS) are included.
Healthcare: Healthcare companies such as Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) and UnitedHealth Group (UNH) are part of the DJIA.
Consumer Goods: Companies like Coca-Cola (KO) and Procter & Gamble (PG) represent the consumer goods sector.
Retail: Retail giants like Walmart (WMT) and Home Depot (HD) are included.
Industrial: Industrial companies such as Caterpillar (CAT) and Boeing (BA) are part of the DJIA.

8.3. Recent Changes

The composition of the DJIA is not static. Companies are periodically reviewed and may be replaced to ensure the index remains representative of the U.S. economy. For example, in recent years, companies have been added or removed to reflect shifts in economic trends.

8.4. Current Components (as of 2024)

As of 2024, some of the notable companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average are:

3M (MMM)
American Express (AXP)
Apple (AAPL)
Boeing (BA)
Caterpillar (CAT)
Chevron (CVX)
Coca-Cola (KO)
Disney (DIS)
Goldman Sachs (GS)
Home Depot (HD)
Honeywell (HON)
IBM (IBM)
Intel (INTC)
Johnson & Johnson (JNJ)
JPMorgan Chase (JPM)
McDonald’s (MCD)
Merck (MRK)
Microsoft (MSFT)
Nike (NKE)
Procter & Gamble (PG)
Salesforce (CRM)
Travelers (TRV)
UnitedHealth Group (UNH)
Verizon (VZ)
Visa (V)
Walmart (WMT)
Walgreens Boots Alliance (WBA)

8.5. Impact of Component Changes

Changes in the DJIA’s components can have several impacts:

Market Perception: Inclusion in the DJIA can boost a company’s reputation and investor confidence.
Index Performance: The addition or removal of a company can affect the overall performance of the DJIA.
Economic Reflection: Component changes reflect shifts in the U.S. economy and market trends.

8.6. How to Stay Updated

Staying informed about the current components of the DJIA and any changes is essential for investors and those interested in financial markets. Reliable sources for this information include:

Financial News Outlets: Reputable news sources like The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, and Reuters provide updates on the DJIA.
S&P Dow Jones Indices: The official website of S&P Dow Jones Indices offers detailed information about the DJIA and its components.
Brokerage Platforms: Many brokerage platforms provide real-time data and analysis on the DJIA.

Understanding the components of the DJIA and their significance is crucial for interpreting market trends and making informed investment decisions. For more detailed information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

9. What Is the Dow Divisor and How Does It Affect the DJIA?

The Dow Divisor is a critical element in calculating the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). It ensures the index remains consistent and accurately reflects market trends, even when companies undergo stock splits, dividends, or other corporate actions.

9.1. Purpose of the Dow Divisor

The Dow Divisor is a predetermined constant used to adjust the DJIA for any events that could cause artificial changes in the index’s value. Without the Dow Divisor, these events would distort the index, making it difficult to compare values over time.

9.2. How the Dow Divisor Works

The DJIA is calculated by summing the prices of its 30 component stocks and dividing by the Dow Divisor. The formula is:

DJIA = (Sum of Stock Prices) / Dow Divisor

When a component stock undergoes a split or issues a dividend, the sum of the stock prices changes. To keep the DJIA consistent, the Dow Divisor is adjusted so that the index value remains the same before and after the event.

9.3. Example of Dow Divisor Adjustment

Let’s consider a simplified example with three stocks:

Company A: $100 per share
Company B: $200 per share
Company C: $300 per share

Assume the Dow Divisor is 10. The DJIA would be:

DJIA = ($100 + $200 + $300) / 10 = $60

If Company A undergoes a 2-for-1 stock split, its price becomes $50. To keep the DJIA at $60, the Dow Divisor must be adjusted. The new Dow Divisor (D) is calculated as:

$60 = ($50 + $200 + $300) / D

D = ($50 + $200 + $300) / $60 = 9.1667

So, the Dow Divisor is adjusted to 9.1667 to maintain the index’s value.

9.4. Frequency of Adjustment

The Dow Divisor is adjusted whenever there are changes in the component stocks, such as:

Stock Splits: When a company splits its stock, the price per share decreases, and the Dow Divisor is adjusted to compensate.
Dividends: Special dividends can affect stock prices, requiring a Dow Divisor adjustment.
Component Changes: When a company is added to or removed from the DJIA, the Dow Divisor is adjusted to ensure the index remains consistent.

9.5. Current Dow Divisor Value

As of 2024, the Dow Divisor was approximately 0.15265312230608. This value is regularly updated by S&P Dow Jones Indices to reflect any changes in the component stocks.

9.6. Impact on Index Movement

The Dow Divisor ensures that the DJIA accurately reflects market movements without being distorted by corporate actions. This allows investors and analysts to track market trends and make informed decisions based on reliable data.

9.7. Limitations of the Dow Divisor

Despite its importance, the Dow Divisor has limitations:

Price-Weighted Index: The Dow Divisor does not address the fundamental issue of the DJIA being a price-weighted index, which can give undue influence to high-priced stocks.
Limited Representation: The DJIA includes only 30 stocks, which may not fully represent the entire U.S. economy.

9.8. How to Track the Dow Divisor

The current value of the Dow Divisor can be found on the S&P Dow Jones Indices website and other financial news sources. Staying informed about the Dow Divisor is essential for understanding how the DJIA is calculated and interpreted.

Understanding the Dow Divisor and its effects is crucial for anyone following the stock market and economic trends. For more information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

10. What Are the Limitations of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)?

While the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a widely recognized and followed stock market index, it has several limitations that are important for investors and analysts to consider.

10.1. Limited Representation

The DJIA consists of only 30 large-cap U.S. companies. This small sample size means that it may not accurately represent the overall U.S. economy or the broader stock market. Many critics argue that the S&P 500, which includes 500 of the largest U.S. companies, provides a more comprehensive view.

10.2. Price-Weighted Index

The DJIA is a price-weighted index, meaning that stocks with higher share prices have a greater influence on the index’s value, regardless of their market capitalization. This can distort the index because a $1 change in a high-priced stock has the same impact as a $1 change in a low-priced stock, even if the percentage change is much larger for the latter.

10.3. Exclusion of Key Sectors

The DJIA excludes certain key sectors of the economy, such as utilities and transportation. This can limit its ability to accurately reflect the overall economic performance of the U.S.

10.4. Subjectivity in Component Selection

The components of the DJIA are selected by a committee at S&P Dow Jones Indices. This subjective selection process can introduce bias into the index. The committee’s decisions may not always align with objective measures of company performance or economic representation.

10.5. Impact of Stock Splits

Because the DJIA is price-weighted, stock splits can have a significant impact on the index. When a company splits its stock, the Dow Divisor is adjusted to maintain the index’s value. However, this adjustment does not change the underlying economic reality of the company.

10.6. Market Capitalization vs. Price

Critics argue that factoring only the price of a stock does not accurately reflect a company as much as considering its market capitalization. A company with a higher stock price but a smaller market cap will have more weight than a company with a smaller stock price but a larger market cap, which poorly reflects the true size of a company.

10.7. Alternatives to the DJIA

Given the limitations of the DJIA, many investors and analysts prefer to use alternative indices, such as the S&P 500 or the Nasdaq Composite. These indices offer broader market representation and use market-capitalization weighting, which is considered a more accurate reflection of company size and influence.

10.8. Example of Price-Weighting Distortion

Consider two companies in the DJIA:

Company A: Stock price of $500, market cap of $500 billion
Company B: Stock price of $100, market cap of $1 trillion

In a price-weighted index, Company A would have five times the influence of Company B, even though Company B is twice as large in terms of market capitalization.

10.9. How to Mitigate the Limitations

Investors can mitigate the limitations of the DJIA by:

Diversifying Investments: Don’t rely solely on the DJIA as a benchmark for investment decisions.
Using Multiple Indices: Consider using a combination of indices, such as the DJIA, S&P 500, and Nasdaq Composite, to get a more comprehensive view of the market.
Analyzing Individual Stocks: Conduct thorough research on individual companies before investing, rather than relying solely on index performance.

10.10. Staying Informed

Staying informed about the limitations of the DJIA and understanding its calculation methodology is crucial for making informed investment decisions. Consult reliable financial news sources and seek advice from qualified financial professionals.

Understanding the limitations of the DJIA is essential for making informed investment decisions and accurately interpreting market trends. For more information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

11. How Does the Dow Jones Industrial Average Differ From the S&P 500?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the S&P 500 are two of the most widely watched stock market indices in the U.S., but they differ significantly in their composition, weighting methodology, and selection criteria.

11.1. Number of Stocks

DJIA: Tracks 30 large-cap stocks.
S&P 500: Tracks the largest 500 stocks in the U.S. market.

11.2. Weighting Methodology

DJIA: Price-weighted, meaning that stocks with higher share prices have a greater influence on the index’s value.
S&P 500: Market-capitalization-weighted, meaning that companies with larger market caps have a greater influence on the index.

11.3. Selection Criteria

DJIA: Stocks are chosen by a committee at S&P Dow Jones Indices. The committee considers factors such as company reputation, financial stability, and industry representation.
S&P 500: Stocks are added according to a formula based on market capitalization, liquidity, and other factors.

11.4. Sector Representation

DJIA: Includes companies from various sectors, excluding utilities and transportation.
S&P 500: Includes companies from all major sectors of the U.S. economy.

11.5. Calculation

DJIA: Uses a divisor to adjust for stock splits, dividends, and other corporate actions.
S&P 500: Expressed versus a base year and uses a market-cap-weighted formula.

11.6. Representation of the Economy

DJIA: Considered a gauge of the broader U.S. economy but is limited by its small sample size.
S&P 500: Widely regarded as a more accurate representation of the U.S. economy due to its larger sample size and market-cap weighting.

11.7. Volatility

DJIA: Can be more volatile due to its price-weighting methodology and smaller number of stocks.
S&P 500: Generally less volatile due to its market-cap weighting and larger number of stocks.

11.8. Investment Options

DJIA: Investors can invest in the DJIA through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) such as the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA).
S&P 500: Investors can invest in the S&P 500 through ETFs such as the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY).

11.9. Historical Performance

Historically, the S&P 500 has often outperformed the DJIA on an annualized basis over the last three-, five-, and 10-year periods. This is due to its broader market representation and market-cap weighting.

11.10. Which Index Is Better?

The choice between the DJIA and the S&P 500 depends on individual investment goals and preferences. The S&P 500 is generally considered a better benchmark for overall market performance, while the DJIA may be preferred by investors who focus on large-cap stocks.

11.11. Summary Table

Feature	Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)	S&P 500
Number of Stocks	30	500
Weighting Methodology	Price-weighted	Market-capitalization-weighted
Selection Criteria	Committee-based	Formula-based
Sector Representation	Limited	Comprehensive
Calculation	Divisor-based	Base year-based
Economy Representation	Limited	Broader

Understanding the key differences between the DJIA and the S&P 500 is crucial for making informed investment decisions and accurately interpreting market trends. For more information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

12. How Can Individuals Invest in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)?

Individuals can invest in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) through various investment vehicles, primarily exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These ETFs are designed to track the performance of the DJIA, allowing investors to gain exposure to all 30 companies listed in the index.

12.1. Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)

ETFs are investment funds that trade on stock exchanges, similar to individual stocks. They hold a basket of assets, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities, and are designed to track the performance of a specific index or investment strategy.

12.2. SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA)

The most common way to invest in the DJIA is through the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA). This ETF is designed to replicate the performance of the DJIA by holding all 30 stocks in the index in the same proportions as the index itself.

12.3. Benefits of Investing Through ETFs

Investing in the DJIA through ETFs offers several benefits:

Diversification: ETFs provide instant diversification by exposing investors to all 30 companies in the DJIA.
Liquidity: ETFs are highly liquid, meaning they can be bought and sold easily on stock exchanges.
Low Cost: ETFs typically have lower expense ratios compared to actively managed mutual funds.
Transparency: ETF holdings are transparent, allowing investors to see exactly which stocks are included in the fund.

12.4. How to Purchase ETF Shares

To invest in the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA), individuals can follow these steps:

Open a Brokerage Account: Choose a reputable online brokerage firm and open an account.
Fund the Account: Deposit funds into the brokerage account through various methods, such as electronic transfers or checks.
Search for the ETF: Use the ETF’s ticker symbol (DIA) to find it on the brokerage platform.
Place an Order: Enter the number of shares to purchase and place an order.
Monitor the Investment: Track the performance of the ETF and make adjustments to the portfolio as needed.

12.5. Other Investment Options

While ETFs are the most common way to invest in the DJIA, other investment options include:

Index Funds: Some mutual funds track the performance of the DJIA, but these are less common than ETFs.
Individual Stocks: Investors can purchase shares of individual companies listed in the DJIA, but this requires more research and carries greater risk.

12.6. Considerations Before Investing

Before investing in the DJIA or any other investment vehicle, consider the following:

Investment Goals: Determine your investment goals and risk tolerance.
Diversification: Ensure your portfolio is well-diversified to reduce risk.
Expense Ratios: Consider the expense ratios of ETFs and other investment funds.
Tax Implications: Understand the tax implications of investing in ETFs and other securities.

12.7. Example of ETF Investment

Suppose an investor wants to invest $1,000 in the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA). If the current share price of DIA is $350, the investor can purchase approximately 2.86 shares ($1,000 / $350 = 2.86).

12.8. Staying Informed

Stay informed about the performance of the DJIA and the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF (DIA) by monitoring financial news sources and consulting with qualified financial professionals.

Investing in the Dow Jones Industrial Average through ETFs is a convenient and cost-effective way to gain exposure to a diversified portfolio of large-cap U.S. stocks. For more information and answers to your questions, visit WHAT.EDU.VN.

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